Iontophoresis pharmacology

Question 1

Chemical name

Answer 1

Scientific name that describes its atomic or molecular structure

Question 2

Generic name

Answer 2

Non-proprietary, abbreviation of chemical name

Question 3

Trade name

Answer 3

Brand name
Selected by companies selling the drug
Protected by copyright

Question 4

Pharmokinetics

Answer 4

How the body affects the drug
Concerned with drug’s onset of action, peak concentration level, and duration of action
Includes absorption

Question 5

Absorption

Answer 5

From time drug is administered until it becomes available for use by the body
Methods
- Passive transport
- Active transport
- Pinocytosis

Question 6

Passive transport

Answer 6

Requires no cellular energy
Drug moves from area of higher concentration to lower concentration via diffusion

Question 7

Active transport

Answer 7

Requires cellular energy
Moves drugs from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration
Used to absorb electrolytes such as sodium and potassium

Question 8

Pinocytosis

Answer 8

Form of active transport
Cells engulf drug particles
Commonly used to transport fat-soluble vitamins

Question 9

Slow absorption routes

Answer 9

Oral
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous

Question 10

Faster absorption routes

Answer 10

Increased blood flow
Inhalation

Question 11

Drug distribution

Answer 11

Process by which drugs are delivered to tissues and fluids of the body
Affected by blood flow, solubility, and protein binding

Question 12

Protein binding

Answer 12

Drug comes in contact with proteins such as plasma protein albumin
Portion of drug that is bound is inactive and can’t exert a therapeutic effect

Question 13

Metabolism

Answer 13

Body’s ability to change drug from its dosage form to a more water-soluble form that can then be excreted via enzymes in the liver
Turned into inactive metabolites

Question 14

Excretion

Answer 14

Elimination of drugs from the body

Question 15

Peak concentration

Answer 15

Reached when absorption rate equals the elimination rate

Question 16

Duration of action

Answer 16

Length of time the drug produces its therapeutic effect
Measured in half life

Question 17

Pharmodynamics

Answer 17

How the drug affects the body

Question 18

Drug potency

Answer 18

Amount of drug required to produce desired effect

Question 19

Maximum drug effect

Answer 19

Some point in which an increase in dose yields little or no increase in response

Question 20

Margin of safety (therapeutic index)

Answer 20

Relationship between a drug’s desired therapeutic effects and its adverse effects

Question 21

Pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 21

Use of a drug to treat disease

Question 22

Overdose

Answer 22

Toxic drug reaction when dose is exceeded
Results in exaggerated response that leads to negative effects such as respiratory depression, cardiovascular collapse, or death

Question 23

Antiinflammatory drugs

Answer 23

Corticosteroids
Glucocorticoids
Salicylates

Question 24

Corticosteroids

Answer 24

Suppress immune response and reduce inflammation
Naturally produced in the adrenal cortex

Question 25

Glucocorticoids

Answer 25

Synthetically produced type of corticosteroid Anti-inflammatory, metabolic, and immunosuppressant effects Includes: cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortizone

Question 26

Effects of glucocorticoids

Answer 26

Suppress redness, edema, heat, and tenderness associated with inflammation Suppress migration of leukocytes and inhibit phagocytosis Prescribed for immunosuppression and reduction of inflammation for acute and chronic inflammatory conditions (-itis) such as tendinitis, bursitis, and lateral epicondylitis

Question 27

Side effects of glucocorticoids

Answer 27

Insomnia Suppressed immune and inflammatory responses Osteoporosis Impaired wound healing

Question 28

Salicylates

Answer 28

Less costly type of anti-inflammatory drug and available without a prescription Include Aspirin and sodium salicylate

Question 29

Ketoprofen 10%

Answer 29

Negative polarity NSAID to treat inflammation and pain in acute or chronic musculoskeletal conditions Alternative when corticosteroids are ineffective or contraindicated

Question 30

Sodium salicylate 2%

Answer 30

Negative polarity Similar to aspirin and helps to control pain and inflammation Alternative to dexamethasone, diclofenac, and ketoprofen Rarely used

Question 31

Acetic acid 4%

Answer 31

Negative polarity Used for acute or chronic soft tissue calcific mineralization such as heel spurs, calcific tendinitis, and myositis ossificans Used for 3-8 weeks

Question 32

Gabapentin 4%

Answer 32

Originally to treat seizures Decreases calcium influx and inhibits excitatory neurotransmitters Negative polarity Helps relieve neuropathy, neuropathic pain Administered based on symptom severity

Question 33

Magnesium sulfate 2%

Answer 33

Positive polarity Used to help relieve acute muscle spasms, neuralgia, and stiffness Decreases the excitability of skeletal muscle and slows nerve transmission Treatments are administered on PRN basis

Question 34

Lithium chloride 2%

Answer 34

Positive polarity Treats gout and gouty arthritis Alters sodium urate crystal formation in the large toe to form soluble lithium urate Administered for 2-5 days or until asymptomatic

Question 35

Potassium iodide 10%

Answer 35

Negative polarity Decreases scar tissue and releases tissue adhesions Allows treatment area to be stretched and molded to increase range of motion Administered 1-3 weeks

Question 36

Lidocaine 4%

Answer 36

Positive polarity Local anesthetic that produces numbness and temporary pain relief Provides symptomatic relief but does not treat underlying pain Administered PRN

Question 37

Dexamethasone

Answer 37

Water-soluble corticosteroid that may relieve pain and inflammation in tendonitis, osteoarthritis, and synovitis Minimizes patellofemoral joint and musculoskeletal problems Reduces scar tissue

Question 38

Medication considerations

Answer 38

Drugs must be water-soluble and ionized Must meet US pharmacopeia standards and contain correct stabilizers and preservatives

Question 39

Corticosteroids

Answer 39

Anti-inflammatory agents that slows initial movement of neutrophils and monocytes to the inflammation site Treat acute, inflammatory, and musculoskeletal conditions that are well-localized Negatively charged Can reduce the sprouting that occurs in sensory nerves associated with tissue injury Minimal systemic side effects such as weight gain, muscle weakness, and behavioral changes