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Electro > Iontophoresis Notes > Flashcards

Iontophoresis Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is iontophoresis?

A

a therapeutic technique that involves the introduction of ions into the body tissues by means of a DC

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2
Q

What is the difference between iontophoresis and phonophoresis?

A 
Phono = involves the use of acoustic energy in the form of US to drive whole molecules across the skin into the tissues
Ionto = uses an electrical current to transport ions into the tissues
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3
Q

How does transdermal iontophoresis compare to a passive skin application?

A
  • Decreases absorption lag time
  • Increases delivery rate
  • Can deliver spiked and sustained release
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4
Q

What is the benefit of delivering spiked and sustained release?

A

Reduces the possibility of developing a tolerance to the drug

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5
Q

How does iontophoresis ensure that the plasma concentration is within the therapeutic window?

A

Delivers medication at a constant rate

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6
Q

What determines the rate at which an ion is delivered?

A 
concentration of the ion
pH of the solution
molecular size of solute
current density
duration of treatment
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7
Q

What are the advantages of ionto to oral medications?

A

Concentrated in a specific area

Does not have to be absorbed in the GI tract

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8
Q

What is the cathode?

A

The electrode that has the greatest concentration of electrons, negatively charged

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9
Q

Which type of movement creates an acidic reaction? Alkaline?

A 
Acidic = negative to positive
Alkaline = positive to negative
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10
Q

What is the anode?

A

Electrode with a lower concentration of electrons

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11
Q

Which reaction is more likely to produce tissue damage?

A

Akaline

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12
Q

The force that acts to move ions through the tissues is determined by…

A

strength of the electrical field (current density)

electrical impendence of tissues to current flow

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13
Q

What determines ion migration?

A

the difference in current density between the active and inactive electrode

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14
Q

How can current density be altered?

A
  • changing the size of the electrode
  • increasing current density
  • decreasing current intensity
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15
Q

Which electrode is recommended to be larger?

A

The negative electrode

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16
Q

What do sweat glands do in terms of conduction?

A

Decrease impedance,

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17
Q

How far does medication penetrate?

A

no more than 1.5 cm over a 12-24 hour period, only 1-3 mm during average 15 minute treatment

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18
Q

The quantity of ions transferred into tissues is determined by….

A

Intensity of current
Current density at active electrode
Duration of current flow
Concentration of ions in solution

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19
Q

How can ion transfer be increased?

A

Increasing intensity

Increasing duration of treatment

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20
Q

What is the hazard of increasing treatment duration?

A

skin impedance decreases, increasing likelihood for burns

21
Q

What type of current does ionto use?

A

Continuous direct current, ensures unidirectional flow

22
Q

What type other type of current is being research for ionto?

A

AC, may help avoid burns and increase drug delivery

23
Q

What is the range for the current density used?

A

0.1 mA/cm2 - 0.5 mA/cm2 of the active electrode used

24
Q

What is the treatment duration?

A

10-20 minutes, 15 minute average

25
Q

What is current amplitude measured in?

A

milliampere minutes (mA minutes)

26
Q

What is the most effective current amplitude dosage?

A

40 mA-minutes

can range from 40-80

27
Q

How is mA-min calculated?

A

2 mA current x 15 minute treatment = 30 mA-min dose

28
Q

Describe the setup for the active electrode

A

Receives the medication, lead wire attached has same polarity as the ion solution

29
Q

How far should electrodes be placed?

A

at least the diameter of the active electrode

30
Q

Source, polarity, indications, concentration for:

Acetate

A

Source: acetic acid
Polarity: negative
Indications: Calcium deposits, inflammation
Concentration: 2.5-5%

31
Q

Source, polarity, indications, concentration for:

Dexamethasone

A

Source: DexNa2PO3
Polarity: negative
Indications: inflammation
Concentration: 0.4%

32
Q

Source, polarity, indications, concentration for:

Lidocaine

A

Source: lidocaine
Polarity: positive
Indications: local anesthetic
Concentration: 5%

33
Q

Source, polarity, indications, concentration for:

Tap water

A

Source: n/a
Polarity: neg/pos
Indications: hyperhidrosis
Concentration: n/a

34
Q

Source, polarity, indications, concentration for:

Salicylate

A

Source: NaSal
Polarity: negative
Indications: Inflammation, plantar warts
Concentration: 2%

35
Q

What are the indications for ionto?

A 
inflammation
analgesia
ischemia
edema
calcium deposits
scar tissue
hyperhidrosis
fungi
open skin lesions
herpes
allergic rhinitis
gout
burns
RSD
36
Q

What are the contraindications for ionto?

A

Skin sensitivity reactions
Sensitive to aspirin (salicylates) or ions used
Gastritis or active stomach ulcer (hydrocortisone)
Asthma (mecholyl)
Sensitive to metals (zinc, copper, magnesium)
Sensitivity to seafood (iodine)

37
Q

Precautions

A 
Unknown patient allergies
Cardiac disease
Impaired mentation/dementia
Malignant tumor
Open wounds
Skin irritation
After using other physical agents
38
Q

Side effects

A

Erythema
Itching, tingling, burning
Minimal blistering

39
Q

What are some conditions that ionto can be used for?

A 
Inflammation
Lateral epicondylitis
Hyperhidrosis
Anesthetic
Plantar fasciitis
Patellar tendonitis
40
Q

What is hyperhidrosis? How much of the population does it effect?

A

Increased sweat production

.6-1% of population

41
Q

What causes hyperhidrosis?

A

Over excitability of sympathetic, cholinergic fibers that innervate eccrine glands

42
Q

What are treatment options for hyperhidrosis?

A

Ionto - tap water or anti-cholinergics
Botulinum toxin A
Surgery

43
Q

What are the benefits of using ionto as an anesthetic?

A
  • negates pain (inconvenience of injections)
  • prevents variation in absorption seen with orals
  • reduces chance of over/under dose
  • can deliver drugs with short half lives
  • simple to use and terminate
44
Q

What ion is associated with a sensitivity to aspirin?

A

Salicylate

45
Q

What ion is associated with a sensitivity to metal?

A

Zinc, Copper, Magnesium

46
Q

What ion is associated with a sensitivity to seafood?

A

Iodine

47
Q

What ion is associated with asthma?

A

Mecholyl

48
Q

What ion is associated with gastritis or stomach ulcers?

A

Hydrocortisone

Electro (6 decks)

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