Ionic Bonding and the electrolyte status

Question 1

Octet Rule

Answer 1

• An atom other than hydrogen tends to form bonds until it is surrounded by eight valence electrons
• Atoms are most stable if they have a filled or empty outer shell of electrons.
• Except for H and He, a filled outer shell contains 8 valence e-.
• Atoms will: gain or lose electrons (ionic),share electrons (covalent)
to achieve a noble gas configuration.

Question 2

Ionic Bonds

Answer 2

An ionic bond is the electrostatic force that holds the cations and anions in an ionic compound.
Atoms either completely lose one or more e- to become positive cations or gain one or more e- to become negative anions.

Question 3

Covalent Bond

Answer 3

• A covalent bond is formed when atoms share one pair of electrons
Neither atom is willing to give up e- or is strong enough to take e- away.

Question 4

How do you know whether an ionic or covalent bond will form?

Answer 4

• Knowing the electronegativity of individual atoms can help determine the type of interaction between atoms
Electronegativity values can be used to distinguish between covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds

Question 5

Electronegativity

Answer 5

• The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract towards itself electrons in a chemical bond
Electronegativity the same, electrons shared equally. (Oxygen molecule). One atom more electronegative than the other, e- not equally shared.

Question 6

Types of chemical bonds

Answer 6

• Ionic - difference in electronegativity > 2.0
• Polar covalent - difference in electronegativity 0.3 - 2.0
Pure covalent - difference in electronegativity = 0.

Question 7

Properties of ionic compounds

Answer 7

• Ionic interactions take place between metal and non-metal atoms.
• Can form lattice structures held together by electrostatic interactions.
• Have high melting points.
Generally soluble in water.

Question 8

Electrolytes

Answer 8

• An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity (separate into charged particles).
Both weak electrolytes (separate partially) and strong electrolytes (separate fully) exist

Question 9

Non electrolytes

Answer 9

Nonelectrolytes do not conduct electricity when dissolved in water (do not form charged particles).

Question 10

Equivalence

Answer 10

The amount of material that will give or react with an Avogadro’s number of electrical charges

Question 11

Importance of electrolytes

Answer 11

Changes in the concentrations of sodium and potassium in blood can lead to serious medical emergencies

Question 12

emia

Answer 12

in the blood

Question 13

hypo

Answer 13

a condition of low concentration

Question 14

hyper

Answer 14

a condition of high concentration

Question 15

natr

Answer 15

represents sodium

Question 16

kal

Answer 16

represents potassium