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Biology 👩🏽‍🔬 > Investigating Population > Flashcards

Investigating Population Flashcards

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1
Q

When you estimate the population size of each species what is it know as

A

Abundance of a species

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2
Q

What the best measure of abundance

A

Too count every individual in the population

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3
Q

What wrong with counting every individual within the population

A

In the time this would take Population size may change

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4
Q

When to use percentage cover?

A
  1. Too many individuals to count
  2. Organisms is too small
  3. Hard to identify
  4. Overlap with other species
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5
Q

When estimating the abundance what must be ensured?

A
  1. Data collected is not bias
  2. Sample must be selected randomly
  3. Large enough sample must be taken to be reliable, representative & suitable for statistical analysis
  4. Method of collection of sample must be appropriate to the species
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6
Q

How many times should a sample be taken for estimating abundance ?

A

More than 20

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7
Q

What a running mean?

A

When you calculate a new mean value after each sample is taken

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8
Q

When do you know enough sample has been taken for estimating abundance?

A

When the running mean shows little to no change

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9
Q

How can results of an investigation be considered reliable?

A

If they can be repeated

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10
Q

What a quadrat?

A
  • Frame of a know area
  • Placed on the ground
  • Estimate of the known population size within the quadrat is made
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11
Q

What a typical quadrat dimension

A

0.5m x 0.5m = 0.25m2

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12
Q

What can quadrat be made of?

A
  • metal
  • wood
  • string rope
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13
Q

Why may a quadrat be flexible

A

To go around large objects on the ground

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14
Q

Abundance of a species within a quadrat may be determined in different ways, what are they?

A
  • density
  • percentage cover
  • frequency
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15
Q

What the method for density to measure abundance?

A

Actual count of all individuals present

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16
Q

What’s a negative of using density method to measure abundance?

A
  1. Time consuming
  2. Some species can be difficult to count
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17
Q

What’s a positive of using density method to measure abundance?

A
  1. Most accurate
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18
Q

What the method of percentage cover to measure abundance?

A
  • Area of the quadrat covered by one species
  • Is recorded as a percentage of the total area
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19
Q

What a negative of using percentage cover as a way of measuring abundance ?

A
  1. Over layering of species may occur
  2. Total percentage cover may be more than 100%
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20
Q

What a positive of percentage cover as a way of measuring abundance?

A
  1. Used when too many individuals to count
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21
Q

What the method of frequency to measure abundance?

A

The proportion of quadrants that contain a particular species

22
Q

What a negative for using frequency as a way of measuring abundance?

A
  • it’s the least accurate
23
Q

Example for frequency method?

A
  • If a species is found in 30 out of 100 quadrats
  • Frequency is supposed to be 30%
24
Q

Random quadrat is done for what?

A
  1. Find out what species are present & their relative abundance at a specified area
  2. Compare species abundance in 2 different areas
  3. Compare species abundance at one area but at different seasons/year
25
Q

Random quadrating method

A
  1. Use a grid & split area into sections
  2. Use Random number generator to obtain random coordinates
  3. Place quadrat at intersection of these random coordinates
  4. Abundance can then be measured using quadrat by (density, frequency, % cover)
    5.calculate the mean
26
Q

Percentage cover equation

A

Total area covered by species
—————————————— X 100
Total area of all quadrats

27
Q

How many quadrat should you use in the sample?

A
  1. Calculate running mean
  2. Stop sampling when little change
  3. Enough to carry a statistical test
  4. Large number for reliable mean (20)
  5. Work should be carried out on time
28
Q

Systematic sampling may consist of what ?

A
  • Transect
  • Belt transect
  • Interrupted belt transect
29
Q

What a transect?

A

Recording what species are touching the line at each sampling point

30
Q

What belt transect?

A
  • Placing two parallel lines across, a meter apart &
  • Recording what species are found between the two lines
31
Q

What interrupted belt transect?

A
  • Using one line and placing a quadrat down equally spaced sampling points
  • Recording abundance of species within the quadrat
32
Q

Describe how you would investigate the distribution of marram grass from one side of the dune to the other

A
  1. Transect from one side of the dune to the other
  2. Place quadrat at regular intervals along the line
  3. Count plants in quadrat OR count plants and record where they touch line
33
Q

Mark release recapture method

A
  1. Capture sample, Mark & release
  2. Method of marking does not harm organisms
  3. Allow time for released organisms to redistribute back into population
    4.Take second sample & count marked organisms
  4. Number in population = N1 x N2
    —————
    Nm
34
Q

Mark released recapture equation

A

N1 x N2
————
Nm

N1- number caught first time
N2- number caught second time
Nm- number caught second time which were previously marked

35
Q

What is niche determined by

A

Adaptation to abiotic & biotic factors

36
Q

What does biotic mean

A

Living

37
Q

What does abiotic mean

A

Non-living

38
Q

Abiotic factors

A
  • Temperature
  • light intensity
  • water availability
  • humidity
  • pH
39
Q

Extreme temperatures affect enzymes in the organism and therefore affects what?

A

Metabolism

40
Q

What happens when temperature is too cold for organisms

A
  • Not enough kinetic energy to catalyse a reaction quickly enough
  • overall activity decreases
  • reduces ability to survive
41
Q

What happens when temperature is too hot for organisms

A
  • enzymes start to denature
  • overall activity decreases
  • reduce ability to survive
  • (really hot environments) excess water loss and dehydration
42
Q

What can temperature be measured by

A
  • thermometer
  • data logger with temperature probe
43
Q

Light is required for

A

Photosynthesis

44
Q

Greater rate of photosynthesis means

A

-Plants have more energy for seeds
- population increases faster

45
Q

The more plants grow the more

A

Respiratory substance available for animal production

46
Q

What can humidity be measured by

A
  • Whirling hygrometer
  • Data logger with humidity probe
47
Q

Biotic factors

A
  • competition
  • predation
48
Q

What is meant by competitive niche exclusion principle

A
  • 2 species occupy the same niche
  • 1 species outcompete the other
  • niche occupied by one species now
49
Q

Definition of carrying capacity

A

Maximum equilibrium number of organisms of a particular species that can be supported indefinitely in each stable environment

50
Q

What intra specific

A

Competition between members of the same species

51
Q

What inter specific

A

Competition between members of different species

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