Invasion regulation of cell migration

Question 1

Cell movement stimuli

Answer 1

• organogenesis and morphogenesis
• wounding
• growth factors/chemoattractants
• dedifferentiation (tumours)

Question 2

Determination of cell movement direction

Answer 2

Polarity

Question 3

Stopping cell movement

Answer 3

Contact-inhibition motility

Question 4

Mechanism of cell movement

Answer 4

-Uses specialised structures (focal adhesion, lamellae, filopodium)

Question 5

Tumour progression

Answer 5

1) homeostasis
2) genetic alterations
3) hyper-proliferation
4) de-differentiation (disassembly of cell-cell contacts, loss of polarity)
5) invasion (increased motility, cleavage ECM proteins)

Question 6

Tumour cell migration type: Ameoboid

Answer 6

-Used by lymphoma, leukaemia and SCLC

Question 7

Tumour cell migration type: Mesenchymal (single cells)

Answer 7

-Used by fibrosarcoma, glioblastoma, anaplastic tumours

Question 8

Tumour cell migration type: Mesenchymal (chains)

Answer 8

-Used by fibrosarcoma, glioblastoma, anaplastic tumours

Question 9

Tumour cell migration type: cluster/cohorts

Answer 9

-Used by epithelial cancer, melanoma

Question 10

Tumour cell migration type: multicellular strands/sheets

Answer 10

-Used by epithelial cancer, vascular tumours

Question 11

Tumour cell metastasis mimic morphogenetic events

Answer 11

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Question 12

Attachment to substratum (ECM proteins)

Answer 12

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Question 13

Filopodia

Answer 13

• Structure used for motility

- Finger-like protrusions rich in actin filaments

Question 14

Lamellipodia

Answer 14

• Structure used for motility

- Sheet-like protrusions rich in actin filaments

Question 15

Remodelling of actin filaments

Answer 15

1) Nucleation
2) Elongation
3) Capping
4) Severing
5) Cross-linking and bundling
6) Branching
7) Gel-sol transition by actin filament severing

Question 16

Nucleation

Answer 16

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Question 17

Elongation

Answer 17

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Question 18

Capping

Answer 18

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Question 19

Capping proteins positive end

Answer 19

• Cap Z
• Gelsolin
• Fragmin/Severin

Question 20

Capping proteins negative end

Answer 20

• Tropomodulin

- Arp complex

Question 21

Severing

Answer 21

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Question 22

Severing proteins

Answer 22

• Gelsolin
• ADF/Cofilin
• Fragmin/Severin

Question 23

Cooperation of actin functions to generate filaments

Answer 23

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Question 24

Cross-linking and bundling

Answer 24

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Question 25

Cross-linking and bundling proteins

Answer 25

• Alpha-actinin
• Fimbrin
• Filamin
• Spectrin
• Villin
• Vinculin

Question 26

Cooperation of actin functions to organise filaments

Answer 26

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Question 27

Branching

Answer 27

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Question 28

Branching protein

Answer 28

Arp complex

Question 29

Gel-sol transition by actin filament severing

Answer 29

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Question 30

Diseases caused by deregulation of actin cytoskeleton

Answer 30

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Question 31

Participation of different actin activities during cell movement

Answer 31

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Question 32

Lamellae protrusion

Answer 32

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Question 33

Cell shape and actin cytoskeleton organisation

Answer 33

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Question 34

Signalling mechanisms regulating the actin cytoskeleton

Answer 34

1) ion flux changes (ie: intracellular calcium)
2) phosphoinositide signalling (phospholipid binding)
3) kinases/phosphatases (phosphorylation cytoskeletal proteins)
4) signalling cascades via small GTPases

Question 35

Control of actin cytoskeleton by small G proteins

Answer 35

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Question 36

Rho family of small GTPases

Answer 36

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Question 37

Participation of small GTPases on cell migration

Answer 37

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