Invasion Of The Land Flashcards
What are the parts of a spiders leg?
What are the two main classifications of trees?
Gymnosperm (coniferous, seeds lack an outer coat) and angiosperm (flowering plants, seeds encased)
Which type of plants undergo double fertilisation?
angio sperms
how does double fertilisation occur?
it occurs between the male reproductive organ, (the male gametophyte) and the female reproductive organ (female gametophyte).
video:
name the types of fin control
yaw: side to side
Pitch: up and down
Roll: like rolling over
define viviparous
Viviparous animals bear live young that have developed inside the mother’s body
what is ecdysis?
shedding of the skin
what is narrow sense co-evolution?
both partners evolve in response to the other e.g.
mutualism (+/+)
parasite-host or predator-prey (+/-)
competition (-/-)
coevolutionary interactions can be classified as what two types?
narrow sense co-evolution and broad sense co-evolution
what is broad sense evolution?
only one of the partners evolves in response to the other
commensalism (0/+) (relationships between two organisms where one organism benefits from the other without affecting it.)
by-product (0/-)
what period did the first land plants appear?
ordovician 505 million years ago
what period did the first invertebrates appear?
700 million years ago, precambian
when did the first fish appear? (what period)
505 million years ago, ordovician
what are the pros of leaving water?
Benefits of Leaving the water:
Reduced competition
New food sources (all those land plants!)
Reduced predation
name the body parts on this horseshoe crab
what is this and what are the approproate labels?
book lung
a. blood
b. stigma
c. air
d. interlamella air spaces
e. Lamellae with blood
f. chamber
Winged insects appeared in the
Carboniferous period (starting 360 MYA)
what period was the evolution of the first land tetrapods from lobe-fined fish
(end of the Devonian period)
Development of Gymnosperms
associated with
Loss in diversity of
Locopds, Horsetails, Ferns
what are Xerophytes
they have sunken stomata
cactus
waxy stem, few/no leaves
specialist roots
homiohydric
what is homiohydric?
Plants able to regulate water loss and to remain hydrated for some time hours, days or years when the external water supply is restricted
what are Pycnogonida
sea spiders
what species are Merostomata
horse shoe crabs
what species come under Arachnida
what comes under Chelicerata
merostomata, Arachnidia, Pycnogonida
what comes under Mandibulata
crustacea, Myriapoda and hexapoda (insects)
what comes under myriapoda?
Diplopoda (millipedes)
Pauropoda
chilopoda (centipedes)
symphyla
what comes under hexapoda?
insecta
what do the words arthron and podas mean?
•Joint foot/limb
label this diagram
label this diagram
reptile/bird egg
amniotic
what is classical classification?
what is lumpers alternative?
what is an endotherm?
an animal that can regulate its own body temperature
what is an ectotherm?
an animal that cannot regulate its own body temperature
describe feather structure
what are the advantages of flying
- Enhances hunting/scavenging
- Opens up new prey items (flying insects)
- Facilitates migration, new areas
- Escape from predators
when did feathered therapods evolve into birds?
150 million years ago
what reptilian features have been modified to enable flight?
what type of birds are Stuthioniformes
•ostrich/rhea/kiwi/emu/cassowary, pectoral muscles not greatly enlarged
what type of birds are Sphenisciformes
penguins
flightless but have powerful pectoral muscles used for swimming
what are amniotic eggs?
what are amniotes
birds, reptiles, mammals
lay their eggs on land or retain the fertilized egg within the mother
- Tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg (reptiles/birds, mammals)
- Shell significantly slows dehydration of egg in air
- Allows amniotes to occupy wider range of terrestrial habitats than amphibians
what are the four types of bird foot
perching: 3 toes forward, one at the back
grasping: 2 forward, two back. vertical tree grasping e.g. woodpeckers
raptor: 3 forward, 1 back, clawed
swimming: webbed
what animal has a single circulatory system?
fish
what animals have a double loop circulatory system?
mammals, birds, crocodiles, reptiles
mammals vs reptile teeth
reptile teeth are uniform
mammal teeth are different
what are mammals?
synapsids
what two events cause mammals to radiate
Extinction of dinosaurs
- Fragmentation of continents
what are the changes associated with life on land
- Limb development
- Bones of pelvic girdle (to which legs attached) fused to backbone
- No gill slits
- Ears adapted to detection of airborne sounds
what dos amphibian mean
Amphibian means dual lives
what are the characteristics of amphibians
- Most found in damp habitats
- Rely heavily on moist skin for gas exchange
- Most have external fertilization
- Eggs lack shell
what are the three orders of amphibians
–Urodela
–Anura
–Apoda
what species are under the order of urodela
•Salamanders, superficial resemblance to lizards (limbs, elongated body)
(Newt is salamander that lives in water as an adult
(amphibians)
what species are under the order anura
•More specialised than Urodela for terrestrial locomotion
•Powerful hopping hind legs
•Adaptations to reduce risk of predation
–Aposmatic colouration
–Cryptic colouration
frogs and toads (amphibians)
what species are under the order apodans
- Caecilians (worm like, no common name)
- About 150 species
- Legless, nearly blind
- Absence of legs is secondary adaptation
- Burrow in moist forest soil
- Do not have dualistic life
what are the other terrestrial adaptattions of amniotes and what period did they arrive in?
Relatively impermeable skin (amphibians have moist skin)
Ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs (amphibians pump lungs by ‘gulping’ air)
carboniferous period
Included large herbivores and predators
what comes under amniotes?
•Diapsids (reptiles and dinosaurs)
•Synapsids (mammals)
(Anapsids)
describe the skulls of anapsids, synapsids and diapsids
- Anapsid – no openings behind the eyes
- Synapsid – single opening behind the eyes
- Diapsid – two temporal openings
what does this skull belong to?
anapsid
does not have openings near the temples
belongs to turtles
what does this skull belong to
synapsid
belongs to all mammals
what is a fenestrae
natural (as opposed to traumatic) openings in the skull or other bones in vertebrates
throught to be for muscle attachment in the skull
what does this skull belong to
diapsid
two temporal openings in the skull
all reptiles:
lizard skull
–Also snakes, tuatara, crocodiles
describe the characteristics of reptiles
- Earliest lived approx. 320 mya
- Have scales that contain keratin
- Use lungs for gas exchange (cloaca)
- Fertilization internal
- Behaviour regulates body temperature
describe the characteristics of a crocodile
V-shaped snout
Teeth along the jaw line exposed when mouth is closed
Upper and lower jaw about the same width
Olive-brown colouration
describe the characteristics of an alligator
U-shaped snout
Teeth along the jaw line not exposed when mouth closed
Wider upper jaw, teeth in lower jaw fit into sockets in upper
Blackish colouration
what are squamates
–Lizards and snakes
Most numerous and diverse reptiles (apart from birds
what are these?
anal spurs on a snake
he remnants of a pelvis and femur, which have no connection with the spine, simply “float” in the muscle mass.
longer in the males for grapsing during mating
what are Testudines
- Perhaps shell derived from dermal plates of parareptiles
- Tortoises, terrapins, turtles
what does this skull belong to?
reptilian jaw
what does this skull belong to?
mammal
what is this, what are the labels and what type of animal does it belong to
mammal ear drum
what is this, what are the labels and what type of animal does it belong to?
reptile eardrum
what are monotremes?
egg laying mammals
- Lay eggs
- Have milk but lack nipples
- Found only in Australia and New Guinea
- Represented by one species of platypus and 2 echidnas
what are marsupials?
mammals with pouches
- Have higher metabolic rate than monotremes
- Have nipples
- Give birth to live young
- Have placenta
- Born early in development, complete embryonic development in marsupium
what are placental mammals?
mammals with placentas
- Have more complex placenta than marsupials
- Have longer period of pregnancy
- Living orders originated in late Cretaceous
label this skeleton
what is an extanct species?
a species that isnt extinct and still exists
how many extant taxa can fly
1 in 3 can fly and 1 in 2 are functionally terrestrial
what other taxa can fly?
birds, bats (mammals),
what does this tagmosis belong to?
annelid (worm)
what does this tagmosis belong to?
myriapod
what does this tagmosis belong to?
chelicerate (arthropods)
what does this tagmosis belong to?
hexapoda (insects)
what tagmosis does this belong to?
crustacea
what are the features of pycnogonadia?
sea spiders
•4,5 or 6 pairs of walking legs
•Live on sessile animals
•Highly derived mouthparts form proboscis
•Male carries eggs
what are the characteristics of merostomata?
- Aquatic
- Spike-like telson
- 5-6 pairs of abdominal gills
- Subclasses: Xiphosura and Eurypterida
- Eurypterida now extinct.
- Apex predators 450mya
- Up to 2m long
what are the characteristics of xiphosura?
horse shoe crabs
- Soft-bottom, shallow water marine chelicerates
- Prosoma covered by large carapace
- Abdominal segments fused together
- Omnivores and the only chelicerates that can eat solid food
what are setae for?
-Chemoreception
-Mechanoreception
-Propioreception
-
what are trichobothria for?
- Heavily innervated
- Elongate setae
- Detect air currents-
what are the terrestrial adaptations of arachnidia?
Waxy epicuticle, Book gills modified to book lungs & tracheae, Appendages adapted, Silk in spiders, pseudoscorpions, mites
what is the difference between venom and poison?
venom is directly applied and poison isnt (so the insect might be poisonous when eaten but doesnt inject poison into another animals skin)
what are pectines?
sense organs,
define viviparous
live bearing (young)
Venom glands opening near tips of chelicerae is unique to the
arachnae
what are the only arachnids to produce silk?
spiders
Spiders are the only arachnids with appendages for silk production
Silk is produced in abdominal glands and released via spigots
Used in prey capture and/or immobilization
what are ambypygids?
Sometimes called ‘Whip Spiders’
100 known species
Carnivorous, generally nocturnal
Distinctive pedipalps
Specially modified 1st pair of legs modified to be sensory organs
what are acari?
Unique lack of tagma: Gnathosoma (anterior), Idiosoma (posterior)
important economically, eat mostly leaf litter - detritovore
Unique body plan shows almost complete fusion of Cephalothorax and Abdomen to form Idiosoma. Gnathosoma is a feeding structure.
which chelierate can eat solid food
•Cannot eat solid food, external digestion, Except mites with varied modifications
what does CAM stand for?
- crassulacean acid metabolism
lAt night
–Stomata open at night
–Atmospheric CO2 taken up by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
–converted to malate; stored
lDuring day
–broken down to pyruvate & CO2
CO2 passes into normal C3 photosynthesis
gas relations in hot environments?
Hot environments
lCO2 can be limiting
–decreased CO2 solubility
–control water availability
l
CAM photosynthesis
C4 photosynthesis
what is a biome?
biome refers to the life forms of a specific terrain/climate area.
rainforests, tundra, grassland, savanna etc
what are some tundra plant adaptations?
lSmall leaves
lThick cuticles
lDense hairs
lPlants protected by lichens
lDesiccation tolerant
lBiomass within soil
lFlower buds dormant
lFlower structure traps heat
l
what are some unique features of flowers?
–Reproductive – Flowers
•Bisexual
•Enclosed female parts
•Dominant flower structures
how many parts do flowers usually have?
4
sepals:
petals
stamens
carpals
who was george cuvier
Cuvier understood that extinctions had been common event historically, did not believe in evolution of new species.
Local extinctions often lead to
global extinctions
is evolution the exception or the rule and why
•Populations survive without change if possible.
If the environment changes:-
Few species evolve. Most become extinct.
Evolution is the exception rather than the rule
who was Stephen Jay Gould
he estimated that 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct. •Ability to evolve depends on hereditary variation in the gene pool. •Most species are not sources of great future diversity.
when did the lungfish evolve?
400mya
Were once an active and diverse group.
One branch evolved onto land.
Remaining lungfish evolution slowed down.
Land vertebrate evolution exploded
Now just a few lungfish remain.
extinction occurs when
•More individuals die (or in the case of local extinction, emigrate) than can be replaced by reproduction (or immigration).
•
•Small populations can die out due to chance fluctuations, eg a few bad seasons.
Small population size and limited geographical range =
vulnerable to extinction
what could global warming cause in reptiles?
•cause sex imbalance in reptiles where temperature of egg incubation influences gender.
when did the earth form?
hadean 4.5-3.9 billion years ago
what happened in the archean period?
3.9-2.5 billion years ago
Earth’s crust formed, volcanic activity
Prokaryotes, including cyanobacteria and oxygen
what happened in the Proterozoic era
2.5 billion– 540 mya billion years
eukayrotes
mountains formed, oxygen levels rise
what are rangiomorphs
Deep sea
One of first ever complex organisms
Fractal construction
Animal
Unable to move
what happened in the cambrian era
Sponges, corals, echinoderms, trilobites dominant. Marine algae, no land plants. (End Cambrian Mass Extinction)
540-490 mya
what happened in the ordovician era
Early vertebrates armour plated fish. Late Ordovician Mass Extinction.
490 - 443 mya
what happened in thr Silurian era
443 - 417mya
Sea life dominated by corals, arthropods, crinoids, nautilus, fish jaws evolve, first sharks. Psilotum early land plant
what happened in the devonian period
Armoured fish, lungfish, sharks, ammonites, spiders mites.
Mass Extinction 370 mya
417-354mya
what happened during the carboniferous period
Armoured fish extinct, marine crinoids, brachiopods. Insects-cockroaches, reptiles, cycads, ferns, coal deposits
what happened during the
Permian
290-248 mya
Rich invertebrate marine life at start, then Mass Extinction 245 mya
what are stamens also known as
microsporophylls
filiament and anther (pollen)
what are carpels also known as
macrosporophyls
stigma, style, ovary
what is this?
male anther structure sac with pollen filament
what is this?
pollen grain
produced by meiosis of microspore mother cells that are located along the inner edge of the anther sacs
label this correctly
label this correctly
what are the two cells within this pollen grain
tube cell (left)
generative cell (right)
what is this and what are the correct labels
- ovary wall
- integuments
- megasporangium wall
- embryo sac
part of a plant ovary
what is the life cycle of an angiosperm
- Anther pollen
- Pollen to stigma (Pollination)
- Germinates
- Tube style into ovule
- Tube sperm into embryo sac
- Sperm & egg, zygote (Fertilization)
- Ovule seed
describe angio sperm double fertilisation
•Fertilization - Double Fertilization–One sperm cell (N) fuses with egg (N) > zygote (2N)
–One sperm cell joins two polar nuclei > endosperm cell (3N)
•endosperm cell (3N): plant equivalence of yolk
contents exported to cotyledons (zygote) which serve as nutrient supply in developing embryo before photosynthesis starts.
describe double fertilisation
•Fertilization - Double Fertilization–One sperm cell (N) fuses with egg (N) > zygote (2N)
–One sperm cell joins two polar nuclei > endosperm cell (3N)
•endosperm cell (3N): plant equivalence of yolk
contents exported to cotyledons (zygote) which serve as nutrient supply in developing embryo before photosynthesis starts.
how do plants avoid imbreeding?
- Imperfect Flowers
- Dioecy. The imperfect flowers present on separate plants. Dioecy is the equivalent of the separate sexes of most animals. Example: Holly
- Monoecy. The imperfect flowers present on the same plant, but mature at different times. Example: Maize
•Perfect Flowers
•Heteromorphic flowers. The flowers are perfect but two structural types; for example
–long stamens with a short style and
–short stamens with a long style.
a single plant has one type
what are heteromorphic flowers
If the pollinator has a short tongue, pollination is favored from thrum to pin - but not the reverse.
what is a homomorphic flower
•All flowers have exactly the same structure. Avoidance of self-fertilization depends on genetic/biochemical mechanisms.
what is
•Sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI)
phenotype of the pollen is determined by the diploid genotype of the anther
Pollen will not germinate on the stigma of a flower that contains either of the two alleles in the parent that produced the pollen.
e.g. Brassica
what is
•Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI)
most common type
phenotype of the pollen is determined by its own gametophytic haploid genotype
Incompatibility is controlled by the single S allele in the haploid pollen grain.
A pollen grain will grow in any pistil that does not contain the same allele
e. g. S2 pollen from an S1S2 parent will grow down an S1S3 style.
e. g. Solanaceae
what are the sucesses of angiosperms
•Many features favour out-breeding
–More variability, better fitness
•Many features favour efficiency
–More resources other activities
•Style encourages competition
–Better fitness
If 40 million are alive today how many will go extinct each year?
10
Average lifespan of a species in fossil record = 4 million years.
One species in 40 million dies a ‘natural’ death each year.
how many mass extinctions were there?
5 (or 6)
mass extinctions…
Are survivors fitter or luckier
Sudden environmental catastrophe gives no chance for evolution.
Species can run out of niche.
Eg Island sinks, or host species dies – Dodo flea
what mass extinction killed the dinosaurs?
K-T killed approx 66% of living species, including dinosaurs.
Meteorite = 10 Km diameter. Blast = 10 million Mega tonnes TNT All worlds nuclear weapons x 10,000.
list the steps the KT extinction had on earth
- Before impact:- Shockwaves as meteorite travelled through air.
- On reaching earth:- went through 1 Km deep ocean – earths crust.
- Minutes after impact:- Earthquakes,
100 foot tidal waves – coastal areas.
But all the above are mainly local affects.
- Site of impact had large amount of sulphur which was released.
- Minutes after impact :- billions of tonnes of debris blasted into space, 3-4 x mass of meteorite, at speeds great enough to leave earth’s gravity.
- 30 – 60 minutes after impact:- sky would glow red hot with debris re-entering earth’s atmosphere, - global fires.
•1 hour – 6 months after impact :- sky would cool and blacken to darkness.
Sulphur ejected – sulphuric acid, acid rain, block sunlight, - global cooling.
•6 months – 10 yrs after impact:- cold winter conditions, little sunlight.
populations likely to die out today are:
- Small populations with a limited range.
- Short lived species.
- Slow rate of reproduction.
- Those with fluctuating numbers.
- Those which occupy a fluctuating environment.
what happened to the cheetah
what happened to the northern sea elephant
- Population bottleneck in 1890s, down to 20 individuals due to hunting by humans.
- Now little genetic
- variability
in what ways do humans cause extinction
