Human Biology Flashcards
Why do you think derivative hormones not need an extracellular receptor to allow hormonal activation
It can readily defuse through the cells membrane
Which part of the bone is the strongest?
Cortical
What does muscle relaxation require?
Active Transport of C a +2 into sarcoplasmic reticulum which requires ATP, makes myosin binding sites unavailable
What is the response to a stimulus of a single fibre and a whole muscle ?
Single fibre displays and all on nothing response and the muscle displays a straight line response
What does the pancreas do ?
Secretion of enzymes and secretion of insulin
What pancreas cells secrete hormones insulin and glucagon ?
Islet of langerhans
What is the function of the gallbladder?
To store and release bike
What made you change occurs to food in the mouth ?
Beginning the chemical changes needed to produce nutrients in a form that can be absorbed
Which sections of the heart do whops do what? A. Left atrium B. Right Atrium C. Right ventricle D. Left ventricle
A. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood
B. Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood
C. Right ventricle Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
D. Left ventricle pumps blood around the body
What are the diastolic and systolic pressure measuring?
- Blood pressure
- Systolic pressure in artery one ventricle is contracting
- Diastolic: Pressure in artery when ventricle is relaxed
What does an ECG (electrocardiogram) Measure?
A wave of polarisation that radiates through the heart and time it takes to complete one cycle for the heart Of
Name all the chambers of the heart and which side is oxygenated and Deoxygenated
To atriums – top left and top right
To ventricles – bottom left and right
Left side is Oxygenated red, right is deoxygenated Blue
What does the vascoconstrict and vascodialator mean
Vasco constriction is narrowing bloods vessels due to cold
Vasco dilation Is dilation of blood vessels in warmth which decreases blood pressure
Name the two main layers of the uterus
myometrium – outer
Endometrium – Inner
What hormone causes ovulation to occur
Luteinising hormone
What are the two main hormones that cause contractions during childbirth?
Oxytocin and prostaglandins
What you mean is found in pregnancy tests ?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
What occurs in the Alveoli
Gaseous exchange in the lungs
What does the lower respiratory system consist of ?
Trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, Aveoli
Gaseous exchange between the Alveoli
And capillary occurs by?
Diffusion due to difference in pressure
Can muscles perform more than one action?
Yes
What do all synovial joints have in common?
Gliding movement
Muscles that work together are called?
Synergistic
What is the flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea
Epiglottis
The internal body temperature of a healthy human is maintained at a relatively constant 37°C This is an example Of?
Homeostasis
Which structure is only present in a few synovial joints?
Meniscus
What are skeletal muscles made up of?
Striated muscle
The effect of a nerve impulse from a nerve ending on a post synaptic neurone is?
One way only
Facts on Schwann cells
Schwann cells surround the axons and lead to a greater rate of conduction
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking a deepest breath possible
Vital capacity
How many divisions occur within the lungs before they support respiration?
17
What takes place when two or more fibres converge on a post synaptic neurone?
There is a summation of the signal, it may take up to two or more firing and releasing transmitter substances to make the neurone Fire and an inhibitory neurone will delay the firing of the post synaptic neutrons
Difference between arteries and veins
Veins have valves
Muscles with two sets of fibres are called?
Bipennate
What two muscles are involved in inhalation and exhalation?
Diaphragm and intercostal
What does the peptic enzyme digest?
ONLY protein
What’s the cardiac muscles special function?
Conduction
Where does the impulse for the heartbeat start?
Sinistral node
Glands within the small intestine produce enzymes that break down?
Peptides and disaccharides
What happens in the duodenum?
Pancreatic enzymes travel along the bile duct and Most of the chemical digestion and breakdown of the food happens in the duodenum. Food is mixed with bile from the gallbladder and digestive juices from the pancreas.
What are myofibrills made up of?
Sarcomeres
What example of a 2 neurone reflex arc?
Reaction to hitting the quadriceps tendon below the patella/knee
What nerve carries motor information?
Efferent
The bronchial tree contains?
Primary bronchus, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
The regions of the upper respiratory tract are?
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
The lipid derivative hormone are what type of hormone?
Sex hormone such as oestrogen
What carbohydrate form is most commonly oxidised as fuel?
Glucose
Examples of macronutrients?
Proteins, fats, carbohydrates
What is involved in blood clotting?
Platelets
What is the hematocrit?
The volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood
What protein is involved in blood clotting?
Fibrin
What are carrier proteins?
Albumin
What are gamma globulins?
Antibodies
Are red blood cells flexible?
Yes
What does haemoglobin contain?
Protein myoglobin
What are red blood cells produced from?
Stem cells in the RED bone marrow
What is the central atom in haemoglobin molecule and is needed in the diet because of the constant loss of RBCs
Iron
What is the most abundant white blood cell which is first to arrive at the site of infection?
Neutrophil
What are macrophages?
Phagocytise microorganisms and dead cells outside of the blood stream
What cell is involved in immune protection?
T lymphocytes
Which cell makes antibodies?
B lymphocytes
What cell produces antibodies?
Plasma cell
What does the mast cell do?
Produces histamine
What type of protein are antibodies?
Gamma
What cell would reject an organ transplant or skin graft?
T lymphocytes
What is cancers of the White blood cells?
Leukaemia
Which chemical simulates the clotting mechanism?
Thromboplastin
What hormone simulates blood cell formation?
Erythropoietin
What is true about haemophilia?
It’s a disease that occurs when the liver fails to make blood clotting factors
Which blood type can be transferred to anyone?
Type o
Why can type o blood be transferred to anyone else?
It doesn’t have type a or b antigens so it won’t react when given to others.
What blood type is the universal recipient?
Ab
What is the RH factor?
An antigen on blood cells
What is produced in the adrenal gland?
Aldosterone
What is the hormone ADH?
Anti diruetic hormone
Maintains blood pressure, blood volume, tissue water by controlling the concentration of urine made by the kidneys
What is reabsorbed into the blood stream in the proximal convoluted tube?
Sodium and water
The ball capillaries associated with each nephron is what?
Glomerulus
What are nephrons?
Structures in the kidney that filter the blood and produce urine
What is the connective tissue surrounding the kidneys?
The renal capsule
What transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Ureter
What is the myelin sheath?
Speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses along many axons
What type of muscle is antagonist?
Muscles that when contracting directly oppose prime movers
Relax while the prime mover (agonist) contracting to produce movement
Provide precision and control during contraction of prime mover
What are osteoblasts?
Cells that create bone
Where does most digestion occur?
Duodenum in the Small intestine
What is the function of the pancreas ?
The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate which are released into the Small intestine. It also produces insulin and glucagon to hormones that help regulate the serum glucose levels
What is the main function of the large intestine?
Absorb excess water, sodium and potassium in the fecal matter
What increases surface area for absorption in the small intestine? (2)
Villi and micro villi
What does the stomach digest?
Proteins
What is the role of bile salts secreted in the small intestine?
Emulsify fats
What is a vestigial organ?
An organ with no function like the appendix
What two types of epithelial cells are there in mammals ?
External : cutaneous epithelial
Internal: mucosal epithelial
What do epithelial cells in the small Intestine do
Absorb food
What are the basal epithelial cells ?
The bottom layer of the epidermis which is alive
Where is the sphenoid bone?
In a diagram of the skull it is shown next to the temporal bone and looks like It’s in a position of where your Temple is
What is the zygomatic bone
Cheek or Malaria
Where is the Lacrimal bone?
It is the smallest bone on the face just behind the nasal Bone and seen from the side within the eyesocket
Where is the ethmoid bone?
The ethmoid bone is located directly behind the lacrimal bone
Which valve is a one way valve that prevents blood from draining from the aorta back into the left ventricle?
Semilunar
Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Bicuspid valve
Which valve is located between the right and left atria?
Tricuspid
What is fsh?
Follicle stimulating hormone
It is produced in the pituitary gland and is secreted by gonadotrophin
It controls the production of eggs and sperm
What does prolactin do?
Stimulates milk production in the breast
Which hormone comes from the posterior pituitary?
ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
Which hormones come from the anterior pituitary
Prolactin and growth hormone
What hormone comes from the thyroid
Thyroxine
What does the adrenal cortex produce?
Sex steroids, mineral coricoids, glucocorticoids
What does cortisol do?
Increases blood glucose levels
What are fibrous (synarthrodial) joints?
Held together by a ligament e.g. Teeth held into their bony sockets
What are types of synovial joints?
Hinge, pivot, ball and socket, saddle, condyloid, gliding
What types of movement do synovial joints use?
Gliding, rotation, flexion, extension, abduction,
What is the duodenum?
The first part of the small intestine
What is red marrow also known as?
Myeloid tissue
What is produced in the red marrow?
MOST white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets
What is produced in the yellow marrow?
Some white blood cells
What does the central and pheripheral nervous systems control?
Central: brain and spinal cord
Pheripheral: everything else
What do nerve cells depend on?
Irritability and conductivity
Irritability is cell response to physical or chemical action by generating an action response
Conductivity is ability to pass this impulse from one area to another
What is the sensory receptor called
Afferent
Whtat is saltatory conduction.
nodes of Ranvier in a myelinated axon act to increase the speed of impulse by the poten0al jumping from one node to the next.
