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INTS > INTS7 - Human Anatomy (Musculoskeletal and Nervous System) > Flashcards

INTS7 - Human Anatomy (Musculoskeletal and Nervous System) Flashcards

1
Q

Define the anatomical position.

A

Upright stance with feet slightly apart. Toes and palms of hand facing forward. Neutral position with forward glaze.

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2
Q

What are the two major regions of the skeleton. Describe each.

A

Axial skeleton - main axis of body including head, neck and trunk.
Appendicularskeleton - appendages which are attached to the axial skeleton including arms, legs etc.

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3
Q

What is the cranial region.

A

Head.

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4
Q

What is the cervical region.

A

Neck region.

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5
Q

Define the three regions of the trunk and what each one is.

A

Thorax - upper trunk.
Abdomen - middle trunk.
Pelvis - lower trunk.

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6
Q

What are the varying regions of the upper limb.

A

Arm - shoulder to elbow.
Forearm - elbow to wrist.
Wrist
Hands

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7
Q

What are the varying regions of the lower limb.

A

Thigh - hip to knee.
Leg - knee to ankle.
Ankle
Foot.

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8
Q

Define different planes of the brain and give description for each.

A

Coronal plane - cutting body from shoulder to shoulder, through the body.
Mid sagittal - cutting body in half to give left and right side.
Para sagittal - cutting body from top to bottom to give left and right side but not in half.
Transverse plane - cutting body from hip to hip.

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9
Q

Define proximal and distal.

A

Proximal - closer to centre of body.

Distal - further away from centre of body.

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10
Q

Define medial and lateral.

A

Medial - towards midline.

Lateral - away from midline.

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11
Q

Define anterior and posterior.

A

Anterior - towards front.

Posterior - towards back.

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12
Q

Define ventral and dorsal.

A

Ventral - towards front of body.

Dorsal - towards back of body.

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13
Q

Define superior and inferior.

A

Superior - above.

Inferior - below.

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14
Q

Define rostral and caudal.

A

Rostral - towards the head.

Caudal - towards the end of spinal cord.

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15
Q

Name bones from hip and below.

A 
Ilium.
Femur. 
Patella.
Tibia (front) fibula (back) 
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges.
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16
Q

Give bones from shoulder to fingers.

A 
Humerus.
Radius (outer) ulna (inner) 
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
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17
Q

Give bones from top of head to heart area.

A 
Skull.
Mandible.
Clavicle. 
Sternum.
Vertebral column.
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18
Q

Discuss relationship between stability and mobility of joints.

A

More stable a joint - less mobile it is.

Less stable a joint - more mobile it is.

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19
Q

What factors affect the range of movement available at a joint.

A

Shape of bones. Way in which the bones fit together. Surrounding muscles.

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20
Q

What are the three types of joints.

A

Fibrous. Cartilaginous. Synovial

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21
Q

Discuss structure of fibrous joints with example.

A

Bones held together by fibrous tissues allowing minimal/no movement. E.g. skull sutures.

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22
Q

Discuss structure of cartilaginous joints.

A

Bones connected by cartilage with no joint cavity. Allows minimal movement. E.g. sternum connecting to rib cage at anterior of body.

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23
Q

Discuss synovial fluid structure with example.

A

Bones joined by cartilage with a joint cavity contains synovial fluid, which acts the lubricant. Bones surrounded by hyaline/articulating cartilage with synovial membrane producing synovial fluid. Ligaments surround the capsule. Allow wide range of movement.
E.g. knee.

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24
Q

What is the role of synovial membrane,

A

Produce synovial fluid to lubricate the synovial joints.

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25
Q

Discuss the composition of the articulating capsule.

A

Outer layer - fibrous.

Inner layer - synovial.

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26
Q

What are the types of synovial joints.

A 
Ball and socket. 
Hinge. 
Plane. 
Pivot.
Ellipsoid. 
Saddle.
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27
Q

Discuss structure of ball and socket joint. Give example.

A

End of one bone acts as ball fitting into the end of another bone which acts as a socket. E.g. shoulder or hip.

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28
Q

Discuss differences between deep and shallow ball and socket joints.

A

Deep - hip joint, more stable, less movement.

Shallow - shoulder joint, less stable, more movement.

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29
Q

Discuss the shoulder ball and socket joint - specific bone names.

A

Head/proximal end of humerus fits into glenoid cavity/fossa of scapula.

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30
Q

Discuss the hinge joint. Give example.

A

Synovial joint. End of one bone is slightly cylindrical in shape and fits into the groove of another joint, like a hinge. Limited movement e.g. flexion and extension only. Example - distal end of humerus fits in groove of ulna.

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31
Q

Discuss plane joint. Give example.

A

Type of synovial joint. Also referred to as gliding joint. Relatively flat bones glide against one another, whilst articulating with other bones. Example - intertarsal joints e.g. the joints between adjacent tarsals.

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32
Q

Discuss pivot joint. Give example.

A

One bone fits like a peg into the ring of another bone or bone and ligaments. Example - vertebral column.

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33
Q

Discuss ellipsoid joint. Give example.

A

Similar to ball and socket joint however ball is oval/ellipse shaped, with a commentary socket. Example - radiocarpal joint I.e. the wrist.

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34
Q

Discuss saddle joint. Give example.

A

Concave and convex surfaces of one bone fit into both concave and convex surfaces of another bone, like a saddle. Example - carpometacarpal joint of thumb.

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35
Q

Discuss adduction and abduction giving example of movement type.

A

Adduction - movements towards midline of body.
Abduction - movements away from midline of body.
Example - adduction/abduction of arm at shoulder.

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36
Q

Discuss flexion and extension and give example for type of movement.

A

Flexion - angle becomes smaller.
Extension - angle becomes larger.
Example - flexing knee brings your leg back and extending knee returns it to normal standing position.

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37
Q

Discuss medial and lateral rotation.

A

Medial - rotational movement towards midline of body. Also called internal rotation.
Lateral - rotational moment away from midline. Also called external rotation.
Example -rotating straight leg at the hip.

38
Q

Discuss circumduction. Give example of type of movement.

A

Movement in a circular pattern using sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension and abduction.
E.g. rotation at shoulder joint.

39
Q

Discuss supination and pronation. Give example of type of movement.

A

Supination - rotation of forearm so that palm faces upward.

Pronation - rotation of forearm so that palm faces downward.

40
Q

Discuss Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

A

Dorsi - toes facing up by movement at ankle.

Plantar - toes facing down by movement at ankle.

41
Q

Discuss elevation and depression. Give example for type of movement.

A

Elevation - Upward movement of bone whilst keeping other bones constant.
Depression - downward moment.
Example - movement of jaw up and down.

42
Q

Discuss protraction and retraction. Give example of type of movement.

A

Protraction - movement of body part in anterior direction e.g. moving shoulder blade forward.
Retraction - movement of body part in posterior direction e.g. moving shoulder blade backwards from forward position.

43
Q

Discuss inversion and eversion. Give example of type of movement.

A

Inversion - sole of foot rotates toward midline of body.

Eversion - sole of foot rotates away from midline of body.

44
Q

What movements can occur at the elbow joint.

A

Flexion. Extension.

45
Q

What movements can occur at the hip joint.

A

Flexion. Extension. Abduction. Adduction. Circumduction. Rotation.

46
Q

What movements can occur at the wrist joint.

A

Flexion. Extension. Abduction. Adduction. Circumduction.

47
Q

What movements occur at the knee joint,

A

Flexion. Extension.

48
Q

What movements occur at the shoulder joint.

A

Flexion. Extension. Abduction. Adduction. Rotation. Circumduction.

49
Q

What types of movement can occur at neck joints.

A

Flexion. Extension. Abduction. Adduction. Rotation.

50
Q

What types of movements occur at the ankle joint.

A

Dorsiflexion. Plantarflexion. Eversion. Inversion.

51
Q

What types of movements can occur at the shoulder girdle.

A

Elevation. Depression. Protraction. Retraction.

52
Q

What types of movements can occur at the proximal radioulnar joint.

A

Pronation. Supination.

53
Q

Define origin and insertion, relative to muscles.

A

Origin - proximal attachment.

Insertion - distal attachment.

54
Q

Discuss muscles functioning individually.

A

Generally uncommon, muscles work as groups known as muscle compartments to bring about controlled movements.

55
Q

Define muscle agonist and antagonist.

A

Agonist - contracting muscle.

Antagonist - relaxing muscle.

56
Q

Discuss muscles of face, what they are responsible for and how they are innervated.

A

Various muscles located on the face and scalp which allow a myriad of facial expressions, as well as mastication (chewing and biting). Innervated by cranial nerves from the neck.

57
Q

Which muscles control swallowing and how are these muscles innervated.

A

Muscles of the anterior neck and throat which are innervated by cranial nerves and first pair of spinal nerves.

58
Q

Which muscles are considered the head flexors and the head extensors.

A

Head flexors - anterolateral neck muscles

Head extensors - posterior neck muscles

59
Q

Give two classifications of muscles of the vertebral column.

A

Superficial - towards the surface

Deep - away from the surface

60
Q

Trunk extension is controlled by what muscles.

A

Deep vertebral column muscles.

61
Q

Movement of shoulder girdle and upper limbs are controlled by what muscles primarily?

A

Superficial back muscles

62
Q

What muscles are involved with inspiration and where are they located.

A

External intercostal muscles contracts, diaphragm contracts. Muscles located in the thorax - upper region of trunk.

63
Q

What muscles are involved with expiration and where are they located.

A

Internal intercostal muscles contracts, diaphragm relaxes. Muscles located in the thorax - upper region of trunk.

64
Q

What are the four (groups of) muscles located in the abdomen.

A

External/internal abdominal obliques.
Transverse abdominis.
Rectus abdominis.

65
Q

Which bones protect the abdominal region of the trunk.

A

None.

66
Q

What muscles are involved with flexion of vertebral column.

A

Abdominal muscles.

67
Q

What are the two main roles of the abdominal muscles.

A

Flexion of vertebral column. Protection of abdominal organs.

68
Q

What actions are muscles of the pelvic floor associated with.

A

Contraction of bladder, rectum and uterine in order to release their contents.

69
Q

What are the nine muscles controlling movement of shoulder joint.

A

Pectoralis major. Latissimus dorsi. Deltoids. rotator cuff group (4 muscles). Teres major. Coracobrachilias.

70
Q

Which bone do muscles of the shoulder originate from and insert into.

A

Originate from shoulder girdle including scapula and clavicle. Insert into the humerus.

71
Q

Where are elbow flexors and extensors muscles located.

A

Flexors - anterior compartment of arm.

Extensors - posterior compartment of arm.

72
Q

What muscle compartments are the main compartment for pronation and supination of the arm/hand,

A

Pronation - anterior compartment of forearm.

Supination - anterior compartment of arm.

73
Q

Name specific flexors and extensor muscles in the upper limb.

A

Flexors - biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis.

Extensors - triceps brachii.

74
Q

Which muscles are used for wrist extension and flexion.

A

Flexion - anterior forearm.

Extension - posterior forearm.

75
Q

Where do the muscles for finger extension and flexion lie.

A

Flexion - anterior compartment of forearm.

Extension - posterior compartment of forearm.

76
Q

Which area of muscle controls hip flexion and extension.

A

Flexion - Anterior thigh.

Extension - posterior thigh.

77
Q

Which area of muscle controls knee extension and flexion.

A

Extension - Anterior thigh.

Flexion - posterior thigh.

78
Q

Which area of muscle controls thigh adduction and thigh abduction.

A

Adduction - medial thigh.

Abduction - gluteal region.

79
Q

How many hamstring muscles are there.

A

3 muscles.

80
Q

Which muscle compartments control dorsi and plantar flexion of foot at ankle joint. Name major muscle for each.

A

Dorsi - anterior compartment of leg. Tibialis anterior.

Plantar - posterior compartment of leg. Gastrocnemius.

81
Q

Which muscle compartments control flexion and extension of toes.

A

Flexion - posterior compartment of leg and foot.

Extension- anterior compartment of leg and foot.

82
Q

What are the four regions of the spinal cord.

A

Cervical. Thoracic. Lumbar. Sacral.

83
Q

Discuss curvature of the spinal column relative to the different regions.

A

Cervical and lumbar regions - secondary curvature - concave.
Thoracic and sacral regions - primary curvature - convex.

84
Q

What is the purpose of the curvature of the spinal cord.

A

Shock absorption. Main posture and balance. Allows range of varying movements,,

85
Q

What is the main role of the cervical region of the spinal column,

A

Support weight of the head.

86
Q

What is the main role of the thoracic region of the spinal column.

A

Protects the heart and other vital organs as it contains the rib cage.

87
Q

What is the main role of the lumbar region of the spinal column.

A

Bears the weight of the body.

88
Q

What is the main role of the sacral region of the spinal column,

A

Connects the spine to the hip bones and the lower limbs of the body.

89
Q

Discuss layers of the brain and head starting from superficial working to deep,

A

Scalp. Skull. Dura mater. Arachnoid layers. Pia mater.

90
Q

Why are the arachnoid layers in the head so called.

A

Contain spider like projections which go into the cerebral cortex of the brain .

91
Q

How does cerebrospinal fluid drain.

A

From the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle and into the central canal in the brain,

92
Q

Discuss the location and role of lateral ventricles.

A

Located in the brain, with one in each hemisphere, which goes into the lobes of the brain as well as the anterior and posterior horn for each cerebral hemisphere. Role includes movement of CSF.

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