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INTS > INTS3 - Innate and Acquired Immunity > Flashcards

INTS3 - Innate and Acquired Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Define leukocytes.

A

Nucleated white blood cells within peripheral blood including both lymphocytes and granulocytes.

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2
Q

Define lymphocytes.

A

Most common mononuclear blood cells including both B and T lymphocytes. Mature lymphocytes are only present in bone marrow in order to populate peripheral blood.

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3
Q

Define T cells.

A

Thymus derived lymphocytes, which are indistinguishable from bone marrow derived lymphocytes based on their morphology. Can be distinguished using flow cytometry only.

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4
Q

Define B cells.

A

Bone marrow derived lymphocytes, which are indistinguishable from bone marrow derived lymphocytes based on their morphology. Can be distinguished using flow cytometry only. Responsible for production of antibodies.

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5
Q

Define innate immune system.

A

Subsystem of immune system behaving as first line of defence. Unspecific immune responses including physical barriers. Does not provide long lasting immunity.

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6
Q

Define acquired/adaptive immune system.

A

Subset of immune system provide long last immunity with specific responses to specific antigens.

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7
Q

Define antibodies.

A

Y shaped proteins produced by the immune system which are specific to foreign antigens, neutralising them.

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8
Q

Define antigens.

A

Protein Molecules capable of inducing immune responses as they are recognised as foreign or self.

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9
Q

Define B/T cell receptors.

A

Receptors present on B or T cells which mediate interactions with other cells involved with immune responses.

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10
Q

Define the immunoglobulin gene.

A

Gene which encores the complete immunoglobulin protein with heavy and light chain, including constant and variable regions

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11
Q

Define immunoglobulin gene rearrangement.

A

Process leading to the formation of functional immunoglobulin via joining of different segments including diversity, variable and joining sections.

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12
Q

Define B/T cell maturation.

A

Formation of mature lymphocytes that occurs in bone marrow for B cells and thymus for T cells.

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13
Q

Define Ig class switch.

A

Process by which B cells production of immunoglobulin changes from one type to another based on segment constant region. Ensures antigen recognition specificity.

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14
Q

Give types of cells involved in innate immune system.

A

Phagocytes. Dendritic cells. Natural killer cells.

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15
Q

Give types of cells involved in acquired immunity.

A

Lymphocytes. Antigen presenting cells.

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16
Q

What is the role of the innate immune system.

A

Non specific first line of defence which prevents harmful invaders to the body.

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17
Q

How can the innate defence system be compromised.

A

Genetic or congenital defects which prevent the formation of neutrophil maturation so bacterial infections can reoccur.

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18
Q

What are two cells that play a dominant role in the innate immune system.

A

Mast cells. Natural killer cells.

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19
Q

Discuss the four main features of the innate immune system.

A

Anatomical barriers e..g skin, mucociliary escalator
Inflammation
Complement
Cells e.g. neutrophils and mast cells

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20
Q

Discuss the role of the skin as an anatomical barrier in the innate immune system. Mention specific features.

A

Large organ which acts as a physical barrier to infectious bacteria. Skin is acidic and slightly dry - not favourable conditions for bacterial growth. Also contains bacteria that fight pathogenic bacteria. Skin is continuous and reforms if damages occur.

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21
Q

What is the role of phagocytes in the innate immune system.

A

Engulf foreign materials and undergo phagocytosis

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22
Q

What types of cells are considered phagocytes.

A 
Monocytes
Macrophages 
Neutrophils 
Dendritic cells 
Mast cells
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23
Q

Why are dendritic cells so called.

A

Contain projections known as dendrites.

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24
Q

Discuss maturation and activation of dendritic cells.

A

Dendritic cells evolve from bone marrow, starting as immature monocytes. A stimulus is received in the form of cytokines, resulting in activation of the dendritic cell. Dendritic cells migrate to the lymph nodes and interact with T cells by presenting antigens.

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25
Q

Discuss the roles of mature and immature dendritic cells.

A

Immature - antigen uptake and processing

Mature - antigen present, T cell activation

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26
Q

Discuss link between activated dendritic cells and different MHCs.

A 
If dendritic cells interact with antigens via MHC class I molecules, recruit cytotoxic T cells. 
If dendritic cells interact with antigens via MHC class II molecules, recruit helper T cells. Also release cytokines, activating further natural killer cells.
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27
Q

Discuss role of natural killer cells and what they are.

A

Cytotoxic lymphocytes which release cytoplasmic granules of performing and granzyme which cause cell apoptosis. Cannot kill cells with MHC class I molecule, only those without, as these are abnormal cells.

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28
Q

Discuss how perforin leads to cell death.

A

Perforin punctures cell membranes causing fluid to flow in and out resulting in cell rupture and apoptosis.

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29
Q

Discuss link between natural killer cells and lymphokines.

A

Natural killer cells secrete high levels of lymphokines which direct immune responses by signalling between cells. Further intensives an immune response.

30
Q

What are lymphokines.

A

Subset of cytokines produced by lymphocytes which aid galling between cells in an immune response.

31
Q

Discuss role of macrophages in innate immune responses.

A

Locate foreign bodies and engulf and digest them via phagocytosis. Lysosome of macrophage releases hydrolitic enzymes which can break down the pathogen and present the antigen on the surface. Also releases cytokine, resulting in inflammation.

32
Q

Discuss role of basophils in innate immunity.

A

Release histamines which promotes inflammation by increasing blood flow.
Releases heparin, preventing clot formation.

33
Q

General differences between innate and acquired immune systems.

A

Innate is non specific responses that do not provide long lasting immunity.
Acquired is target specific responses providing long lost ting immunity.

34
Q

What are the two types of responses of the acquired immune system in order.

A

Cellular response - lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells which stimulate the production of the humoral response.
Humoral response - production of specific antibodies.

35
Q

What are the primary tissues involved in the acquired immune system

A

Bone marrow and thymus

36
Q

What is the role of the bone marrow as a primary tissue in adaptive immune responses.

A

Production of varying haematopoietic cells from both cell lineages: myeloid and lymphoid. Specific maturation of B lymphocytes.

37
Q

Discuss the role of the thymus as a primary tissue in acquired immune responses.

A

Primary lymphoid organ that produces mature T lymphocytes and secretes them into peripheral bLood.

38
Q

Where is the thymus anatomically located.

A

Below thyroid. In front of heart. Behind sternum.

39
Q

Describe structure of the thymus gland.

A

Formed from follicles which are enclosed into a capsule

40
Q

What are the secondary tissues in acquired immune responses.

A

Spleen, tonsils and lymphatic system

41
Q

Discuss role of spleen as a secondary tissue in acquired immune responses.

A

Largest secondary tissue. Acts as blood filter. Recycled old RBCs. Stores platelets and leukocytes. Fights specific bacteria e.g. pneumonia and meningitis.

42
Q

Where is the spleen located.

A

Under rib cage, above stomach, upper left quadrant of abdomen

43
Q

Discuss role of lymph nodes as secondary tissue.

A

Kidney shaped organs which link to the circulatory system by lymph vessels. Identify and fight infection. Storage of lymphocytes and other leukocytes.

44
Q

Describe role of tonsils as as secondary tissue in acquired immune responses.

A

Lymphatic tissue at back of tongue which remove pathogens entering the pharynx in food or air

45
Q

Discuss general role of monocytes.

A

Participate in both innate and acquired immune responses. Generally work as housekeeping cells removing debris and dead cells from sites of infection or tissue damage.

46
Q

Discuss role of monocytes in innate immunity.

A

Function via pattern recognition receptors to stimulate cytokine produce. Produce nitric oxide and phagocytes to eliminate foreign agents,

47
Q

Discuss role of monocytes in acquire immunity.

A

Degrade antigens presented via antigen presenting cells. Activation of lymphocytes. Can become dendritic cells.

48
Q

Define chemotaxis.

A

Movement towards site of infection.

49
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes.

A

B and T and natural killer cells.

50
Q

What are the three main characteristics of B and T lymphocytes.

A

Heterogeneity and specificity.
Tolerance.
Memory.

51
Q

Discuss heterogeneity as a characteristic of B/T lymphocytes

A

Millions of different types of cells can be produced, each recognising a different type of foreign antigen.

52
Q

Discuss tolerance as a characteristic of B and T lymphocytes.

A

Can recognise foreign and self antigens and only attack foreign antigens.

53
Q

Discuss memory as a characteristic of B and T lymphocytes.

A

Remembers encounters with foreign antigens and can recreate same response if that antigen renters the body.

54
Q

What are types of B lymphocytes and what are their roles.

A

Factory cells - produce and release antibodies into blood stream which are specific to the stimulating foreign antigen
Memory cells - retain information about antigen and are present in circulation until antigen re enters

55
Q

What are the two types of T lymphocytes and their alternative names.

A

Helper T cells - CD4

Cytotoxic T cells - CD8

56
Q

Discuss role of CD4 cells.

A

Helper T cells. Become activated when presented with antigens via MHC class II molecules on antigen presenting cells e.g. phagocytes or macrophages. Divide rapidly and secrete cytokines which aid immune response. Activate B cells to secrete antibodies. Activate cytotoxic T cells.

57
Q

Discuss role of CD8 cells.

A

Become activated by antigens presented by MHC class I molecules. Kill infected, damaged or cancerous cells.

58
Q

Give two examples of autoimmune diseases and how they have effects.

A

Rheumatoid arthritis - immune system attacks joints

Lupus - immune system attacks skin and kidneys

59
Q

Discuss what a B receptor complex is.

A

Consists of immunoglobulin/antibody in addition to other transmembrane proteins e.g. CD79A/B. Note that the complex extends both outside and inside of the cell - transmembrane.

60
Q

Discuss role of B receptor.

A

Antigen binds to immunoglobulin, which induces an immune response.

61
Q

Discuss structure of T cell receptor complex.

A

Alpha and beta heterodimers of the receptor dimerise and are attached to CD3 chains which form the T cell receptor.

62
Q

Discuss process by which T cell receptors work.

A

Antigenic portions of the pathogen are presented to T cell receptors by MHC molecules. Appropriate immune response is induced including increase in signal transduction.

63
Q

Define antigen recognition region.

A

Variable part of a protein where antigen binds to, generated by a highly recombinatorial process.

64
Q

Define the constant region of an immunoglobulin.

A

Complement activation or cell membrane interaction region which identifies type of immunoglobulin or T cell receptor.

65
Q

What are the names of the heavy chains present in immunoglobulin.

A

Mu, delta, gamma, alpha, epsilon

66
Q

What are the names of the light chains present in immunoglobulin

A

Kappa or lambda

67
Q

How do different immunoglobulins show heterogeneity

A

Variable region is variable therefore each is specific to a foreign antigen. Aided by VDJ recombination.

68
Q

Where does VDJ recombination occur. Why is it important.

A

Primary lymphoid organs - bone marrow and thymus. Ensures heterogeneity of immunoglobulins by producing a novel amino acid sequence, complementary to one antigen only.

69
Q

What are the VDJ regions relative to immunoglobulins.

A

V - variable
D - diversity
J - joining

70
Q

Discuss process of VDJ recombination in immunoglobulins.

A

From the whole immunoglobulin gene, one V, D and J region is brought together by deletion of large sections of DNA. RNA polymerase forms an RNA transcript of the chosen genes whilst splicing any introns. Mature heavy chain transcript is formed which is then translated into the immunoglobulin heavy chain. Only in B and T lymphocytes.

71
Q

Discuss process of vaccination and how they work.

A

Inactivated or attenuated form of pathogenic antigen introduced to the immune system - full infection prevented due to inactive/attenuated form. Innate immune system starts immune response followed by acquired immune system with both cellular and humoral responses. Memory cells produced by B and T cells which remain in circulation and can recognise the same antigen if it re enters.

INTS (11 decks)

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