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INTS > INTS6 - Introduction to Nervous And Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

INTS6 - Introduction to Nervous And Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss simplified process of a nervous response to a stimulus.

A

Stimulus is detected by receptors. This is relayed by sensory neurons along the relay pathway, to the control centre. Messaged relayed along the effector pathway, through motor neurones, to effector organs or glands. Response is stimulated.

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2
Q

What processes need to undergo homeostasic regulation

A

Body temperature. Thirst. Food intake. Fluid balance.

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3
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

Maintenance of stable physiological conditions, regulated by feedback loops, which are activated in response to imbalances in homeostasis,

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4
Q

Difference between relay and effector pathway.

A

Relay pathway - sends information from a stimulus to the central nervous system.
Sensory pathway - sends information from central nervous system to the effector.

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5
Q

What is the control centre in a response to a rise in body temperature.

A

Thermoregulatory centre in brain which detects body temperature.

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6
Q

What responses would be present to a rise in body temperature.

A

Increased swearing and evaporation of sweat. Eventual fall in body temperature.

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7
Q

What are the two main regions of the nervous system. What body regions do each consist of.

A

Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system - cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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8
Q

Where do cranial nerves arise from,

A

Brain and brainstem.

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9
Q

How is the central nervous system physically protected.

A

Brain - skull.

Spinal cord - spinal column.

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10
Q

What are the names of the pathway relating information to the CNS.

A

Sensory/afferent/ascending pathway.

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11
Q

What are the names of the pathway relaying information away from the CNS.

A

Motor/efferent/descending pathway.

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12
Q

The motor pathway can be split into what two types.

A

Somatic/voluntary movements.

Autonomic/involuntary movements.

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13
Q

The autonomic nervous system can be split into what two types.

A

Parasympathetic or sympathetic.

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14
Q

Soympathetic outflow arises from what parts of the body.

A

Thoracolumbar region of spinal cord. Some from hypothalamus.

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15
Q

Define syrinx.

A

Fluid flailed cavity starting at brainstem down the spinal cord which aids shock absorbance.

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16
Q

Define anterior and posterior.

A

Anterior - towards the front.

Posterior - towards the back.

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17
Q

Define ventral and dorsal.

A

Ventral - towards the front of the body.

Dorsal - towards the back of the body.

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18
Q

Define rostral and caudal.

A

Rostral - towards anterior pole of brain.

Caudal - towards inferior pole of spinal cord.

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19
Q

Define superior and inferior.

A

Superior - higher.

Inferior - lower.

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20
Q

What are the main planes of orientation.

A

Mid sagittal - slicing the body in half symmetrically.
Para sagittal - cutting the body from head to toe either to the left or right.
Coronal - slicing the body from shoulder to shoulder.
Horizontal - cutting the body from hip to hip horizontally.

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21
Q

What are the ridges on the surface of the brain.

A

Singular - gyrus.

Plural - gyri.

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22
Q

What are the lines going across the brain, forming the grooves.

A

Singular - sulcus.

Plural - sulci.

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23
Q

What is the name given to larger grooves within the brains surface.

A

Fissures,

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the fissures on the brains surface.

A

Separate the cerebral hemispheres and the different lobes of the brain.

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25
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure.

A

Large groove running down the middle of the brain when considering the superior view, which separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

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26
Q

What are the lateral fissures.

A

Grooves in the brain that separate the various lobes of the brain.

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27
Q

What are the three areas of the brain and what do each consist of.

A

Forebrain - cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus.
Midbrain.
Hindbrain - pons, medulla, cerebellum.

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28
Q

When is the diencephalon.

A

Structure in the brain consisting of the thalamus and hypothalamus.

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29
Q

Which areas of the brain make up the brainstem.

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.

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30
Q

Name the lobes of the brain and their main functions.

A 
Frontal - memory, behaviour, movement. 
Occipital - sight. 
Parietal - language, touch. 
Temporal - hearing, learning, feeling. 
Insular cortex - sensory experience and emotions. 
Limbic lobe - learning,
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31
Q

What are the two main arteries that supply blood to the brain. Where do these arteries come from.

A

Internal carotid artery and vertebral arteries. Branch from the aorta.

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32
Q

How do internal carotid arteries feed blood to the brain.

A

Internal carotid arteries ascend in the neck and enter the cranial cavity through holes in the skull referred to as foramina.

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33
Q

Where do vertebral arteries come from and how do they provide blood to the brain.

A

Vertebral arteries are associated with bones in the neck I.e. the vertebrae. Two vertebral arteries join to for, the basilar artery and thus the vertebral-basilar system.

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34
Q

What supplies the brainstem and spinal cord with blood.

A

Vertebral-basilar system.

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35
Q

What supplies the forebrain with blood.

A

Internal carotid artery and vertebral-basilar system which form a circle at the base of the brain, referred to as the Circle of Willis.

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36
Q

What arteries form around the Circle of Willis.

A

Posterior, middle and anterior cerebral arteries.
Anterior and posterior communicating Arteries.
Internal carotid arteries.
Vertebral-basilar system.

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37
Q

Which area of the brain does the anterior cerebral arteries supply blood with.

A

Medical surfaces on the front two thirds of the cerebral hemispheres.

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38
Q

Which area of the brain does the posterior cerebral arteries supply blood with.

A

Medical surfaces of the Posterior third of brain.

39
Q

Which area of the brain does the middle cerebral arteries supply blood with.

A

Lateral surfaces of the brain in addition to deep structures.

40
Q

The middle cerebral arteries are extensions of what main artery.

A

Internal carotid artery.

41
Q

The carotid artery comes ascends through which body part and feeds blood to which body parts.

A

Carotid artery ascends in the neck. Internal and external carotid artery. Internal carotid artery supplies blood to the brain. External carotid artery supplies blood to the face.

42
Q

What types of responses are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Fight or flight responses.

43
Q

What types of responses are mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

Rest and digest responses.

44
Q

Give responses of eyes with sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

A

Sympathetic - pupils dilated

Parasympathetic - pupils constrict.

45
Q

Give responses of salivary glands with sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

A

Sympathetic - inhibits salivation.

Parasympathetic - stimulates salivation.

46
Q

Give responses of heart with sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

A

Parasympathetic - slows heartbeat.

Sympathetic - accelerates heartbeat.

47
Q

Give responses of lungs with sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

A

Parasympathetic - constricts bronchi.

Sympathetic - dilates bronchi.

48
Q

Give responses of stomach with sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

A

Sympathetic - inhibits digestion.

Parasympathetic - stimulates digestion.

49
Q

Give responses of liver with sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

A

Parasympathetic - stimulates release of bile.

Sympathetic - stimulates glucose release.

50
Q

Give responses of kidney and intestines with sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

A

Parasympathetic - stimulates peristalsis and secretion of digestive enzymes.
Sympathetic - kidney simulates epinephrine and norepinephrine release. Intestines inhibits peristalsis and secretion.

51
Q

Give responses of bladder with sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

A

Parasympathetic - contracts bladder.

Sympathetic - relaxes bladder.

52
Q

Discuss structure of neurons.

A

Neurons are basic unit of nervous system. Dendrites receive input. Cell body (soma) sums input. Axons send input to next neuron.

53
Q

What is the role of the axon terminals.

A

To contact other neurons or following synapse.

54
Q

What is the purpose of Schwann cells.

A

Production of myelin sheath to insulate the surrounding of axons.

55
Q

What is a Node of Ranvier.

A

Unmyelinated areas along an axon which aid Saltatory conduction.

56
Q

In which system to Schwann cells produce myelin sheath.

A

Peripheral nervous system.

57
Q

Equivalent of Schwann cells in the central nervous system.

A

Oligodendrocytes.

58
Q

What are the the types of neuron. Explain each type.

A

Multipolar - multiple dendrites coming off of a cell body which sum into one axon hillock.
Pseudounipolar - multiple dendrites form one dendritic axon which bypassed the cell body and goes to the axon hillock.
Bipolar - multiple dendrites form one dendritic axon which passes through the cell body to the axon hillock.

59
Q

What is the overall function of glial cells.

A

Support neurones and the nervous system in varying roles.

60
Q

Give 6 types of glial cells.

A 
Oligodendrocytes.
Astroglia/astrocytes.
Polydendrocytes. 
Schwann Cells.
Ependymal cells. 
Microglia.
61
Q

Function of microglia.

A

Glial cells that play role in immune function. Activated through inflammatory molecules e.g. cytokines.

62
Q

Function of astrocytes/astroglia.

A

Type of glial cell. Collect and recycle excess neurotransmitter. Form part of blood brain barrier. Support neurons.

63
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes/oligodendroglia.

A

Type of glial cell. Create myelin sheath around many axons in central nervous system.

64
Q

Function of Schwann cells.

A

Production of myelin sheath around one axon in the peripheral nervous system.

65
Q

Function of ependymal cells.

A

Type of glial cell. Separate cerebrospinal fluid from neural tissue. Produce cerebrospinal fluid from the choroid plexus - group of capillaries that form cerebrospinal fluid,

66
Q

Function of polydendrocytes.

A

Type of glial cell. Stem cells within Brain generating glial cells and some neurons.

67
Q

What are the two types of communication occurring during synaptic transmission. Explain each type.

A

Chemical - release of neurotransmitters across synaptic cleft.
Electrical - ions moving across cell membranes to produce and propagate action potentials.

68
Q

What are the three types of synapses. Give brief description for each.

A

Axodendritic - synapse forms at dendrite of next neuron.
Axosomatic - synapse forms at cell body (soma) of next neuron.
Axoaxonal - synapse forms at axon of next neuron.

69
Q

Muscle system constitutes what parts.

A

Muscle fibres, blood vessels, connective tissue, nerve fibres.

70
Q

Skeleton is made up of what. Describe each briefly.

A

Bones - rigid framework.

Cartilage - supporting material.

71
Q

How are bones attached to muscles.

A

Via tendons.

72
Q

What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system.

A

Heat. Movement. Stabilising joints. Posture.

73
Q

What are the two major types of muscle found.

A

Striated - stripy. Includes skeletal and cardiac muscle

Smooth - lining of stomach. Diaphragm

74
Q

Define the three types of muscle. Grief brief description or example for each.

A

Skeletal - voluntary control of striated muscle, facilitating movement at joints.
Cardiac - surrounds heart tissue. Involuntary control aiding heart pumping,
Smooth - found in walls of digestive/urinary/reproductive system Etc. Involuntary control.

75
Q

What are the four main characteristics of muscle. Briefly describe each characteristic.

A

Excitability - chemical or electrical simulation excites muscles allowing them to contract.
Contractility - muscles can contract to bring about movement. Doesn’t require a change in muscle length.
Extensibility - muscles can be stretched or extended, followed by returning to original length. Facilitates many contractions.
Elasticity - muscles can return to original length after being extended. Facilitates many contractions.

76
Q

What are the two main functions of the skeleton.

A

Protection - hard bone protects soft tissue.

Mineral storage - stores various minerals e.g. calcium, phosphorus , sodium and magnesium

77
Q

What affects the stability at joints.

A

Shape of bones at joints. Location of muscle attachments. Size of muscle.

78
Q

What are the four regions of the spinal cord.

A

Cervical vertebrae.
Thoracic vertebrae.
Lumbar vertebrae.
Sacrum.

79
Q

What are the differences between cervical and thoracic vertebrae spinal sections.

A

Cervical region contains only dorsal and ventral horns. Thoracic vertebrae region contains only dorsal, ventral and intermediate horns. In addition, cervical region has no sympathetic nerves emerging from it.

80
Q

Difference between ventral and dorsal root.

A

Ventral root - efferent motor root of spinal nerve

Dorsal root - afferent sensory root of spinal nerve

81
Q

Define a ganglion.

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies.

82
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at pre ganglionic synapses.

A

Acetylcholine.

83
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released at post ganglionic neurons.

A

Noradrenaline, adrenaline and acetylcholine.

84
Q

Where in the Body are parasympathetic nerves located.

A

Brain stem and all along the spinal column.

85
Q

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located where.

A

Dorsal root ganglia.

86
Q

Cell bodies of motor neurons are located where,

A

Ventral horn.

87
Q

Discuss transmission of visceral sensory information. Where are they located.

A

Relays sensory information about pain, fullness and blood pressure. Thoracolumbar region, sacral region and some cranial nerves.

88
Q

Discuss transmission of visceral motor information. Where are they located.

A

Information regarding pupils, sweat glands, salivary glands and heart muscle. Nerves emerge from thoracolumbar region and craniosacral outflow.

89
Q

Discuss sympathetic outflow to the periphery.

A

Flow of information to the periphery of the body e.g. skin and body walls. Pre ganglionic neurons synapse at each level to the post ganglionic neuron. This happens in the sympathetic trunks.

90
Q

Discuss sympathetic outlook to the heart.

A

Flow of information to the heart through the cardiac plexus. Pre ganglionic neurons synapse at the symapathetic trunk to the post ganglionic neuron.

91
Q

What is the cardiac plexus.

A

Network of nerves supplying the heart.

92
Q

Discuss sympathetic outflow to the viscera.

A

Sympathetic information flows to the viscera (organs) e.g. the gut. Pre ganglionic neurons synapse at small ganglia situated in front of the aorta.

93
Q

Discuss briefly parasympathetic outflow to the viscera.

A

Parasympathetic outflow to the viscera is via cranial nerves in the head or sacral nerves.

INTS (11 decks)

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