INTROPSY - REINFORCEMENT & PUNISHMENT (OPERANT CONDITIONING) Flashcards
any event or stimulus that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again
Reinforcement
reinforcer that naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, (hunger,thirst,touch)
Primary Reinforcer
reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer (praise,token,gold stars), somehow applying classical conditioning
Secondary Reinforcer
a term used in Operant Conditioning for reward
Reinforcement
money = you can buy your needs, this is a example of what reinforcer?
Secondary Reinforcer
reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
when do you give the reward after this person/animal did the behavior
Schedules of Reinforcement
response that’s reinforced after some, but not all correct responses tends to be very resistant to extinction | when you’re doing something good but not being rewarded everytime
Partial Reinforcement Effect
reinforcement of each and every correct response
Continuous Reinforcement
interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same (every 15 minutes of exercise = reward)
Fixed interval schedule
interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is diffent for each trial or event (15 minutes of exercise = reward or no reward, not fixed time)
Variable interval schedule
number of responses required for reinforcemnt is always the same | consistent reward after number constant number of good things you have done
Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different each trial or event | unpredictable reward
Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
represents the concept of reinforcemnt, one of Skinner’s major contributions to behaviorism
what’s in it for me
means “to strengthen” and defined it as anything that when following a response, causes that response to be more likely to happen again
Reinforcement
a consequence that in some way pleasureable to the organism, which relates to Thorndike’s law effect
Reinforcement
what fulfill a basic needs such as food(hunger drive), liquid(thirst drive), touch(pleasure drive)
Primary Reinforcer
can be a primary reinforcer and fills a basic need when remove
painful stimulus | removal of painful stimulus | freedom from pain
a behavior that is not only more difficult to suppress but also more like real life
partially reinforced behavior
people tend to receive this rather tha continuous reinforcement for their work
Partial Reinforcement
opposite of reinforcement
punishment
any event or stimulus that when following a response, causes that respoonse to be less likely to happen again
punishment
weakens responses
punishment
strengthens responses
Reinforcement (positive or negative)
- PUNISHMENT BY APPLICATION 2. PUNISHMENT BY REMOVAL
2 kiinds of punishment
- POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT 2. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
2 KINDS OF REINFORCEMENT
OCCURS WHEN SOMETHING UNPLEASANT IS ADDED TO THE SITUATION/APPLIED (SPANKING, SCOLDING, UNPLEASANT STIMULUS)
PUNISHMENT BY APPLICATION
A KIND OF PUNISHMENT MOST PEOPLE WOULD THINK OF
PUNISHMENT BY APPLICATION
A KIND OF PUNISHMENT THAT MANY CHILD DEVELOPMENT SPECIALISTS RECOMMEND PARENT TO AVOID USING AS IT CAN EASILY ESCALATE INTO ABUSE (PHYSICAL OR EMOTIONAL)
PUNISHMENT BY APPLICATION
Spanking might be physically harmless if its only 2-3 swats with a HAND but if done in anger or w/a belt or other instruemnt, it becomes abusse (physical or emotional)
PUNISHMENT BY APPLICATION
KIND OF PUNISHMENT MOST OFTEN CONFUSED W/ NEGATIVE REINFORCEMNT
PUNISHMENT BY REMOVAL
BEHAVIOR IS PUNISHED BY THE REMOVAL OF SOMETHING PLEASURABLE OR DESIRED AFTER THE BEHAVIOR OCCURS
PUNISHMENT BY REMOVAL
“GROUNDING”TEENAGERS IS REMOVING THE FREEDOM, WHAT PUNISHMENT?
PUNISHMENT BY REMOVAL
IMMEDIATELY STOPPING DANGEROUS BEHAVIOR AND HAS TOO MANY DRAWBACKS TO BE REALLY USEFUL AND SHOULD BE DISCOURAGED
SEVERE PUNISHMENT
MAY CAUSE CHILD/ANIMAL TO AVOID THE PUNISHER INSTEAD OF THE BEHAVIOR BEING PUNISHED = CHILD/ANIMAL LEARNS THE WROOG RESPONSE
SEVERE PUNISHMENT
ENCOURAGE LYING TO AVOID PUNISHMENT
SEVERE PUNISHMENT
CREATES FEAR AND ANXIETY, EMOTIONAL RESPONSES THAT DON’T PROMOTE LEARNING
SEVERE PUNISHMENT
IF THE POINT IS TO TEACH SOMETHING THIS KIND OF CONSEQUENCE ISN’T GOING TO HELP
PUNISHMENT/SEVERE PUNISHMENT
PROVIDES A SUCCESSFUL MODEL FOR AGGRESSION
HITTING
- PUNISHMENT SHOULD IMMEDIATELY FOLLOW THE BEHAVIOR ITS MEANT TO PUNISH
HOW TO MAKE PUNISHMENT EFFECTIVE
- PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE CONSISTENT (MUST FOLLOW THROUGH TO WHAT THE PUNISHER SAID AND SAME INTENSITY/INCREASE SLIGHTLY BUT NEVER DECREASE)
HOW TO MAKE PUNISHMENT EFFECTIVE
- PUNISHMENT OF THE WRONG BEHAVIOR SHOULD BE PAIRED POSSIBLE WITH REINFORCEMENT OF THE RIGHT BEHAVIOR
HOW TO MAKE PUNISHMENT EFFECTIVE
MORE COMPLEX TRICKS ARE A PROCESS IN OPERANT CONDITIONING CALLED ___ IN WHICH SMALL STEPS TOWWARD SOME ULTIMATE GOAL ARE REINFORCED UNTIL THE GOAL ITSELF IS REACHED
SHAPING
BOTH USED TO ANIMALS IN CIRCUS TO PERFORM A TRICKS
CLASSICAL AND OPERANT
IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING INVOLVES THE REMOVAL OF THE UCS THAT EVENTUALLY ACTS AS A REINFORCER OF THE CS-CR BOND
EXTINCTION IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
IN OPERANT CONDITIONING IVOLVES THE REMOVAL OF THE REINFORCEMENT
EXTINCTION IN OPERANT CONDITIONING
THE RECURRENCE OF A CONDITIONED RESPONSE AFTER EXTINCTION THAT HAPPENED BOTH IN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
a biological stimulus
causing involuntary reflexes
Primary reinforcer
a conditioned stimulus causing
learned behavior.
secondary reinforcer.
process that strengthens the likelihood of a
particular response by adding a stimulus after
the behavior is performed.
Positive reinforcement
strengthens the likelihood of
a particular response, but by removing an
undesirable consequence.
Negative
reinforcement
the reappearance,
after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned
response.
Spontaneous recovery
tendency to
respond to stimuli that are similar to the
conditioned stimulus.
Generalization
that extinction in operant
conditioning involves the removal of the
reinforcement.
