Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2a > Introductory Clinical Sciences > Flashcards

Introductory Clinical Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

What is a granuloma

A
  • a collection of histocytes

- a form of chronic inflammation (type IV hypersensitivity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Quantiferon

A
  • a blood test for TB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is inflammation

A

A local physiological response to tissue injury, it is not a disease but a manifestation of a diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give 6 causes of inflammation

A
  • microbial infection eg bacteria, viruses
  • tissue necrosis e.g ischaemic infarction
  • chemicals e.g corrosives, acids, alkalis and reducing agents
  • hypersensitivity e.g parasites, tubercle bacilli
  • bacteria toxins
  • physical agents e.g trauma, uv (ionising radiation), burns, cold (frostbite)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give 5 systemic effects of inflammation

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Constitutional symptoms
  • Weight loss
  • Reactive hyperplasia of the reticuloendothelial system
  • Haematological changes
  • Amyloidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give 3 causes of increased vascular permeability based on immediate transient chemical mediators

A
  • histamine
  • bradykinin
  • nitric oxide
  • C5a
  • leucotriene B4
  • platelet activating factor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give 2 causes of increased vascular permeability based on delayed prolonged endothelial cell Injury,

A
  • xrays

- bacterial toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give the 3 processes of acute inflammatory response

A
  1. Changes in vessel calibre and, consequently, flow
  2. Increased vascular permeability and formation of the fluid exudate
  3. Formation of the cellular exudate – emigration of the neutrophil polymorphs into the extravascular space.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is dolor

A
  • Pain
  • results partly from the stretching and distortion of tissues due to inflammatory oedema and, in particular, from pus under pressure in an abscess cavity
  • bradykinin, the prostaglandins and serotonin, are known to induce pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is tumor (inflammation)

A

Swelling

  • results from oedema – the accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space as part of the fluid exudate
  • formation of new connective tissue contributes to the swelling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is calor

A

Heat

  • due to increased blood flow (hyperaemia) through the region, resulting in vascular dilatation and the delivery of warm blood to the area
  • which results from some of the chemical mediators of inflammation, also contributes to the local temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is rubor

A

Redness

- due to dilatation of small blood vessels within the damaged area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 5 essential macroscopic appearances of acute inflammation

A 
• Rubor
• Calor
• Tumor
• Dolor
Loss of function is also characteristic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is resolution

A

– initiating factor removed

– tissue undamaged or able to regenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is repair

A

– initiating factor still present

– tissue damaged and unable to regenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give 5 types of cells that regenerate

A
  • hepatocytes
  • pneumocytes
  • all blood cells
  • gut epithelium
  • skin epithelium
  • osteocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give 2 types of cells that don’t regenerate

A
  • myocardial cells

* neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is within a plaque

A
  • fibrous tissue
  • lipids e.g cholesterol
  • lymphocytes
  • fibrous cap
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is carcinogenesis

A

The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations
- all carcinogens act on DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is oncogenesis

A

Synthesis of benign and malignant tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are carcinogens

A

Agents known or suspected to causes tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How much of cancer risks are environmental

A

85%

24
Q

Give the 5 classes of carcinogens

A
  • chemical
  • viral
  • ionising and non-ionising radiation
  • hormones, parasites and mycotoxins
  • miscellaneous
25
Q

Give examples of 4 chemical carcinogens, the tumours they cause and how people might come in contact with these chemicals

A

1) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (chemical), lung cancer and skin cancer (tumour), smoking and mineral oils (contact)
2) aromatic amines (chemical), bladder cancer (tumour), rubber/dye workers (contact)
3) nitrosamines (chemical), gut cancer (tumour), in animals (contact)
4) alkylating agents (chemical), leukaemia (tumour), (risk in humans)

26
Q

Give 4 premalignant conditions

A
  • colonic polyps
  • cervical dysplasia (CIN)
  • ulcerative colitis
  • undescended testis
27
Q

What is an abscess

A

Acute inflammation with fibrotic wall

28
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

- single cells

29
Q

Which proteins promote apoptosis

A

Bax proteins stimulates caspases which carry out apoptosis

30
Q

Which proteins inhibit apoptosis

A

The Bc12 proteins inhibit caspases which stops them from carrying out apoptosis

31
Q

Which extracellular molecules promote apoptosis

A

The Fas receptor which is bound to by the Fas ligand, this complex stimulates the caspases which then carry out apoptosis

32
Q

What is necrosis

A

Unprogrammed necrotic cell death

- many cells

33
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of tissue due to increase in size of constituent cells

34
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Increase in size of tissue due to increase in number of constituent cells

35
Q

What is atrophy

A

Decrease in size of tissue due to decrease in number or size of constituent cells

36
Q

What is metaplasia

A

Change in differentiation of cell from stem cell from one fully differentiated type to another e.g Barrett’s oesophagus, ciliated respiratory epithelium to squamous cells in smokers

37
Q

What is dysplasia

A

Changes seen in cells progressing to cancerous

38
Q

What is a tumour

A

An abnormal swelling

39
Q

What is a neoplasm

A

A lesion that is autonomous, abnormal growth, persistent after the initiating stimulus has been removed with new growth

40
Q

Do basal cell carcinoma kill

A

No - Basal cell carcinoma of the skin only invades locally and it never spreads to other parts of the body

41
Q

Treatment for basal cell carcinoma

A

Full excision - cut it all out

42
Q

Which tumours commonly spread to bone

A 
Breast
Prostrate 
Lung
Kidney 
Thyroid
43
Q

What is a papilloma and give an example

A

Benign tumour of non-glandular, non- secretory epithelium e.g squamous cell papilloma

44
Q

What is an adenoma and give an example

A

Benign tumour of glandular or secretory epithelium e.g colonic adenoma, thyroid adenoma

45
Q

What is a carcinoma

A

Malignant epithelial neoplasm

Malignant tumour of epithelial cells e.g urothelial carcinoma

46
Q

What is Xeroderma pugmentosum

A

A condition where damage DNA cannot be repaired

47
Q

Give 7 examples of benign connective tissue neoplasms

A 
Lipoma = adipocytes
Chondroma = cartilage 
Osteoma = bone 
Angioma = vascular
Rhabdomyoma = strained muscle
Leiomyoma (fibroid) = smooth muscle 
Neuroma = nerves
48
Q

Give 6 examples of malignant connective tissue neoplasms

A 
Liposarcoma = adipose tissue 
Rhabdomyosarcoma = striated muscle 
Leiomyosarcoma = smooth muscle 
Chondrosarcoma = cartilage 
Osteosarcoma = bone
Angiosarcoma = blood vessels
49
Q

Give 4 conditions ending in ‘-omas’ that are not neoplasms

A 
Granuloma = inflammation
Mycetoma = fungus in the lung
Tuberculoma = collection of inflammation caused by TB
50
Q

Well differentiated in terms of tumours means

A

Closely resembles normal tissue

  • also dictates the grade
  • the more it resembles normal tissue, the lower the tumour grade
51
Q

Poorly differentiated in terms of tumours means

A

Does not resemble normal tissue

52
Q

What does anaplastic mean

A

The cell type origin of the tumour is unknown

53
Q

Which malignant tumours are not called carcinoma or sarcomas

A

melanoma = malignant neoplasms of melanocytes
Mesothelioma = malignant neoplasms of mesothelioma cells
Lymphoma = malignant neoplasms of lymphoid cells
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
Grawitz tumour
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Teratoma = tumour from all 3 embryonic layers

54
Q

Main effector cell in a acute inflammation

A

Neutrophil

55
Q

What is a sarcoma

A

Malignant connective tissue neoplasms

56
Q

Give an example of malignant epithelial neoplasms

A

Adenocarcinomas = carcinomas of glandular epithelium

Phase 2a (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions