Introduction, Upper Tract And Histology Flashcards

1
Q

State Boyle’s law

A

Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

If the temperature and number of molecules remains constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many divisions of the airways do we have?

A

23 divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define the conducting airways

A

The first part of the airways: divisions 1 - 16 of the respiratory tract where no gas exchange occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define the respiratory zone

A

Lower part of the airways: divisions 17 - 23 where gas exchange can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air?

A

13.3 kPa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do we work out the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture?

A

Work out the percentage of the gas in the mixture
Find the whole pressure
Times the two together as partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the saturated vapour pressure at body temperature?

A

6.23 kPa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do we work out the amount of oxygen dissolved in the plasma?

A

Solubility coefficient of oxygen multiplied by the partial pressure of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is another word for partial pressure?

A

Tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define atmospheric pressure

A

The pressure exerted by the weight of the air above the earth in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe ‘the bends’

A

High pressure in the lungs causes nitrogen to move it a diver’s blood. A slow return to the surface allows nitrogen to return to the lungs where it is breathed out. Swimming up too quickly doesn’t give nitrogen enough time so it forms bubbles in the blood. These are very painful and can cause an air embolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the parameters of the upper respiratory tract?

A

External nose to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the larynx become the trachea?

A

The lower border of the cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is another word for nostril?

A

External nare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do we call the bony projections inside the nasal cavity and how many are there?

A

3 conchae/turbinates for each side of the nose

Superior, middle and inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do we call the space under a concha?

A

Meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the concha?

A

Allow the nasal cavity to slow the airflow by increasing the surface area over which it is passing (increased turbulence)

18
Q

How do we smell?

A

Using the olfactory mucous membrane at the very top of the nasal cavity

19
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A

Filter (mucous/cilia)
Humidify
Warm

20
Q

What drains into the nasal cavity?

A

Paranasal sinuses

Nasolacrimal duct

21
Q

What are the names of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal
Ehtmoidal
Sphenoidal
Maxillary

22
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A fibromuscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to C6
It allows the passage of air from the nasal cavity to the larynx

23
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

24
Q

What is the Eustachian tube?

A

The tube that connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear

25
What are the functions of the larynx?
Guard air passages esp during swallowing Maintains patent airway Phonation
26
Define the glottis
The vocal cords and the space in between them
27
What is the rima glottidis?
The space between the 2 vocal cords
28
Give some examples of things that can cause laryngeal obstruction
Oedema Foreign body Tumour
29
How many lobes does each lung have?
``` Right = 3 Left = 2 ```
30
Which parts of the respiratory tract do we class as extrapulmonary?
Nasal cavity to the primary bronchi
31
What epithelium lines the nasal cavity to the secondary bronchi?
Pseudostratified ciliated with goblet cells
32
What epithelium lines the bronchioles to the terminal bronchioles?
Simple columnar epithelium with cilia and Clara cells | No goblet cells
33
What epithelium lines the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar ducts?
Simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara cells and sparse cilia
34
What epithelium lines the alveoli?
Simple squamous epithelium (type 1) | With a few simple cuboidal (type 2)
35
Describe the histology of the Olfactory regions
Particularly thick, columnar pseudostratified epithelium No goblet cells Microvilli
36
Describe the pathology of CF
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator not present/working Chloride ion transport across the membrane compromised Not enough salt in the mucus therefore water doesn't follow Mucus becomes viscous
37
What are Clara cells?
Cells that secrete a surfactant lipoprotein which prevents the walls of the resp tract from sticking together during expiration Also secrete abundant Clara cell protein (CC16) which is used as a serum marker for lung damage (low) and leakage across air-blood barrier (high)
38
New alveoli continue to develop until what age?
8 years old
39
Describe emphysema
Destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of air spaces From smoking or alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency Bronchioles collapse, making it difficult for the lungs to empty
40
What is the most organism to cause pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
41
What epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?
Respiratory - pseudostratified ciliated