Introduction to Veterinary Pathology (Lec. 02) Flashcards
true recognized veterinary symbol
encircled by a sacred serpent, then overlaid by the letter “V
staff of Greek god Aesculapius (Greek god of healing)
Standard Classification of Disease/SNOMED
▪ Topography
▪ Morphology
▪ Etiology
▪ Function
▪ Disease
▪ Procedure
▪ Occupation
Pathology provides the basis for understanding?
- mechanisms of disease
- classification of diseases
- diagnosis of diseases
- basis of treatment
- Monitoring the progress of disease
- Determining prognosis
- Understanding complications
deals with the study of disease in cells, tissues and organs
anatomic pathology
deals with body fluids and secretions
clinical pathology
What are the two major professional divisions and two major divisions of pathology?
Two major professional divisions: Medical and Veterinary Pathology
Two major divisions:
Anatomic and Clinical Pathology
study of the common denominators of disease, and the mechanisms of disease
production
general pathology
deals with the study of
specific diseases as they affect specific organs and organ system
systemic/special pathology
study of tissue abnormalities using either gross examination or microscopic examination of sectioned materials, traditionally called histopathology
diagnostic pathology
deals with biopsy materials, or
those materials surgically sampled from living animals
surgical pathology
manipulation, analysis and experimental production of
abnormalities, with an end in view of understanding the underlying mechanism in the development of disease
experimental pathology
body condition resulting from defects, excesses, deficiencies, and injuries as they occur at the cell and tissue level that leads to clinically apparent signs of
dysfunction
disease
deals with the evolution of a group of animals, therefore is a basic concern of students in veterinary pathology
phylogeny
Animals commonly affected by FMD (Foot and Mouth Disease)
goat, sheep, cattle, buffalo (cloven-footed animals)
Disease in animals is a complex interplay of three interacting factors. What are the three determinants of disease?
Environment, Animal/Host, Agent
developmental process from the culmination of the disease to its
termination
pathogenesis
With the disease process in progress, the alterations in the normal functions are called?
pathophysiology
What is a diagnosis?
It is a conclusion derived from the study of the cause and pathogenesis of the disease, with an end in view of differentiating the disease in question from other diseases of similar manifestations.
It is the study of the cause of disease which is required to understand the pathogenesis of a disease.
Etiology
This diagnosis provides the precise cause of the disease.
Aetologic/Etiologic Diagnosis
What are the four possible outcomes of disease once starts and progresses?
- healing and recovery
- death
- functional deficit
- impasse
What is an impasse in terms of pathology?
It is the steady state where the agent
cannot cause damage any further sufficiently to cause functional impairment or death, yet the animal body cannot eliminate the agent.
It is a type of defense mechanism which includes those reflex reactions to the presence of irritants on body surfaces such as sneezing and coughing when something irritates the respiratory
passageways.
Mechanical Defense
special zones in the animal
body as the blood-brain barriers and placental barrier that selectively permit
substances from reaching the brain and the developing fetus in gravid animals
anatomical barriers
means by which the body rid itself of
offending agents, apart from the non-specific protections accorded by phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages), and natural killer cells in the body
physiologic defense mechanism
These are specific white blood cell lines, called lymphocytes, and reactive plasma proteins that are specifically directed towards offending agents of disease.
Immunologic defense
study of the basic reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli that underlie all diseases
general pathology
study of the specific responses of specialized organs and tissues to more or less well-defined pathologic stimuli
systemic pathology
A branch of pathology directed to the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases by laboratory means. It involves the collection and examination of body fluids and interpretations of laboratory findings.
clinical pathology
any deviation from, or interruption of, the normal structure or function of
any part, organ or system of the body
disease
observed abnormalities of structures in animals
clinical signs
▪ concerned with the nature and cause of disease as expressed by changes in cellular or tissue structure and function caused by the disease process
▪ the study of the functional, biochemical and morphological alterations in cells, tissues and organs that underlie disease
pathology
the structural alterations (gross or microscopic) in cells or tissues that are often characteristic of the disease
Morphologic changes
the nature of the morphologic changes and their distribution in organs or tissues influence normal function and determine the clinical signs,
course and prognosis of the disease
clinical significance
the mechanisms or sequence of events leading from initiation of cell or
tissue injury to disease development
pathogenesis
What is a lesion?
▪ any structural (or functional) abnormality in an organ, tissue or cell
▪ gross and microscopic changes (to include biochemical) in a cell, tissue, organ and system as a result of a disease
▪ a wound or injury; a pathologic change in the tissues.
a lesion or sign that is specifically distinctive or
characteristic of a disease or pathological condition
pathognomonic
What is injury or injurious agents?
▪ refers to any outside or inside influences in the animal or individual that would cause changes either in physiology and morphology of the cell
▪ anything that upsets the homeostasis of the cell
any stimulus or succession of stimuli of such magnitude that tend to
disrupt the homeostasis of the organism
stress
Define homeostasis.
▪ the maintenance of the steady state in an organism by coordinated physiological processes or feedback mechanisms.
▪ The process through which such bodily equilibrium is maintained.
Refers to the capacity to produce a disease
pathogenicity
Refers to the degree of pathogenicity or disease producing power of the
organism.
virulence
is the expected outcome or prediction of probable result of a disease
prognosis
postmortem examination of the body to determine the nature of pathological processes that contribute to death or disease
Necropsy/Autopsy
the removal and examination of tissue from the living body to establish a precise diagnosis
biopsy
Components of a Description (10)
- Tissue
- Number
- Distribution
- Shape
- Color
- Size
- Pattern
- Consistency
- Special features
- Others (Odor, Surface)
3 steps useful in Veterinary medicine:
o OBSERVE carefully
o DESCRIBE completely
o DIAGNOSE (DEDUCE OR INTERPRET) confidently
A description in gross pathology should be?
o Concise
o Grammatically correct
o Anatomically accurate
Microscopic study of lesion(s) in a tissue section
histopathology
commonly used stain for histopathological examination
hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
What is the special stain used for fat vacuoles?
Sudan Stain
What is the special stain used for glycogen vacuoles?
Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
What is Toluidine blue?
It is a special type of stain used to specifically demonstrate lesions in mast cells.
Special stains are used to specifically demonstrate lesion. Give three examples.
Sudan stain, Periodic Acid-Schiff, Toluidine Blue
study morphologic manifestations of disease
(gross, LM, EM, etc.)
morphologic pathologist
they conduct laboratory analysis of disease in living patients (cytology, hematology, chemistry, etc.)
clinical pathologists
deals with animals such as mammalian, avian,
zoo & wildlife, lab animal / primate, fish, etc
veterinary pathologist
A list of diagnosis that could account for the history, clinical signs or lesions in a case.
differential diagnosis
a diagnosis based on the predominant gross and microscopic lesion(s) in the tissue
morphological diagnosis
it may be macroscopic (gross) or microscopic (histologic) and describes the severity, duration, distribution, location and nature (e.g., degenerative, inflammatory, neoplastic) of the lesion
morphological
diagnosis based on data obtained from the case history, clinical signs and physical examination
clinical diagnosis
a diagnosis that names the specific (or general) cause of the disease. (e.g., parvoviral enteritis, parasitic hepatitis)
etiological diagnosis
▪ A specific diagnosis that states the “name of the disease”
▪ A confirmatory diagnosis resulting o naming of the disease.
Disease (definitive) diagnosis
mechanism-oriented discipline in pathology
general pathology
