Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Veterinary General Pathology > Disturbances in circulation pt2 > Flashcards

Disturbances in circulation pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system produces (2) to redistribute blood to vital organs

A
  1. peripheral vasoconstriction
  2. tachycardia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Activation of the apneustic and pneumotaxic areas of the brain

A

Stimulation of the respiratory centers in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stimulation of adrenal gland releases these chemicals

A
  1. Adrenal medulla - catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
  2. Adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

result toconservation of sodium ions and water by increasing kidney tubular
reabsorption

A

Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Counter Regulatory Mechanisms operating at early stages of shock

A
  1. Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System
  2. Stimulation of the respiratory centers in the brain
  3. Stimulation of adrenal gland
  4. Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypovolemic Shock

A

includes hemorrhage and traumatic shock; inadequate blood or plasma volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A

shock resulting from myocardial infarction; failure of myocardial pump due to intrinsic myocardial damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

shock associated with toxemia and septicemia, including endotoxemia

A

septic or toxic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neurogenic Shock

A

resulting from severe fright, pain and trauma without hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

as a result of massive degranulation of mast cells following antigen-antibody interaction

A

anaphylactic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stages of shock

A
  1. Stage of ischemic hypoxia
  2. Stage of stagnant hypoxia
    3.. Stage of irreversibility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

(non-progressive phase) where there occurs reflex vasoconstriction in an attempt to maintain blood pressure and
cardiac output

A

stage of ischemic hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

associated with gradual fading of pre-capillary vasoconstriction with pooling of blood in the capillary, a decline in venous return, and diminishing blood pressure

A

stagnant hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

shift of fluid from the intravascular space to the extravascular space and microembolization of capillaries

A

stage of irreversibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

phase that the counter regulatory mechanisms are activated

A

stage of ischemic hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

state of peripheral circulatory failure caused by sudden and severe injury

A

shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

shock is a syndrome of?

A

diminishing blood pressure in the capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

anaerobic glycolysis results in accumulation of this acid which cause acidosis

A

Lactic acid/lactate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or false.

Decrease in pH (as caused by accumulation of lactate) perpetuates the state of shock.

A

True. As pH decrease, ATP production decrease and extend state of shock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

DIC phase associated with subsequent formation of
thrombin

A

hypercoagulable phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

leads to platelet aggregation and fibrin formation resulting to microthrombosis of vascular capillaries, and infarction in many organs

A

hypercoagulable phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Clotting factors depleted during hypocoagulable phase

A
  1. fibrinogen
  2. Factor VIII (anti-hemophilic factor)
  3. Factor V (proaccelerin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

associated with the activation of
the fibrinolytic system with consequent release of fibrin and fibrinogen
degradation products that suppresses fibrin polymerization

A

hypocoagulable phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

area of coagulative necrosis caused by ischemia and is due to obstruction of the blood supply following thrombosis or embolism

A

infarct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

process of infarct called

A

infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cells and tissues most susceptible to infarction

A

▪ brain,
▪ renal tubular epithelia,
▪ heart muscles, and
▪ most parenchymal tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

resistant to infarction such that the
stromal support of infracted tissues survives while the parenchyma succumb to
infarction

A

fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

artery ramifies into smaller branches as it ends

A

Functional End-Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Functional end artery organs where infarction are commonly seen

A
  1. kidneys
  2. heart muscles
  3. brain
  4. spleen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

there are separate blood supply that often has several functional anastomotic channels

A

Parallel system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

pulmonary and hepatic infarctions rarely occur but may happen if dual blood supply is compromised, such as in?

A

chronic passive venous congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

organs that have two separate blood
supply originating from different points (dual blood supply)

A
  1. lungs (pulmonary artery and bronchial artery)
  2. liver (hepatic artery and portal vein)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

thrombo-embolic colic in the horse is cause by ___ obstructing the
cranial mesenteric artery

A

Strongylus vulgaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Thrombotic or embolic occlusion
rarely leads to infarction in organs with parallel system, but happens so when?

A

occlusion occurs at the root of the blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

localized anemia

A

ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ischemia results to infarction if it lodges in organs with so called

A

end arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

if ischemia is partial or gradual it results to

A

atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

oxygenation of blood is normal, but the tissues cannot utilize oxygen due to damage to certain critical cellular respiratory processes such as that seen in cyanide poisoning

A

histotoxic anoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

caused by low hemoglobin or reduced capacity of blood to carry oxygen as in carbon monoxide poisoning

A

anemic anoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

result from insufficient oxygenation of blood as may occur in severe pneumonia

A

anoxic anoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

ischemia due to reduced flow of oxygenated blood as in hypovolemic shock

A

stagnant anoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

reduction of blood supplies maybe partial called

A

hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

anoxia

A

complete reduction in the oxygen supplied to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

reduction in the flow of arterial blood to an organ or tissue result to

A

ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

end result of ischemia depend on

A
  1. organ involved
  2. degree of occlusion/anoxia
  3. presence of collateral circulation
  4. size of blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Causes of ischemia

A
  1. Compression of blood vessels
  2. Obstruction
  3. Functional lesion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

stagnant anoxia example

A

hypovolemic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

anoxic anoxia may occur in

A

severe pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Anemic Anoxia example

A

carbon monoxide poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

histotoxic anoxia example

A

cyanide poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

solid mass transported from one part of the body to another through the circulatory system

A

emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

process of a solid mass being transported from one part of the body to another
through the circulatory system

A

embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

embolus can be:

A
  1. fragments of thrombi
  2. fat cells
  3. tumor cells
  4. aggregates of bacteria and parasites
  5. bone marrow cells
  6. amniotic cells
  7. foreign bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

produces emboli of pieces of skin or hair

A

venipuncture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

One of the notorious “seeders” of emboli that causes multiple embolisms in the
kidneys

A

bacterial valvular endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Valvular thrombosis of the left chamber of the heart usually produces emboli in the

A

systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

valvular thrombosis in the left chamber of the heart cause emboli at the?

A

Systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

organs with end artery

A

brain, kidneys, spleen and myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

detachment of thrombi in the vessel wall can cause

A

emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

thrombi become larger and larger eventually obstructing the lumen of the blood vessel where they are formed

A

propagation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

portions of the thrombi break and
are carried into the circulation

A

fragmentation to form thrombo-emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

lysis of the thrombi by plasma-derived
fibrinolytic system or through slow phagocytosis by phagocytic cells

A

dissolution by fibrinolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

invasion and growth of fibrous tissue could happen, along with recanalization and restoration of blood flow

A

fibrous tissue organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Once thrombi are formed, there are four possible outcomes

A
  1. Propagation
  2. Fragmentation to form thrombo-emboli
  3. Dissolution by fibrinolysis
  4. Fibrous tissue organization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Thrombi are clinically important for two reasons

A

a) they cause obstruction of blood vessels
b) they can be a source of emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

in cat species, thrombosis at this site cause hind limb paralysis

A

distal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

in horse species, thrombosis at this site is usually caused by strongyle infection

A

cranial mesenteric arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

trailing thrombi with one end attached and
the other freely moving

A

obturating thrombi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

straddles the bifurcation of blood vessels

A

saddle thrombi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Canalized thrombi

A

allows partial flow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Occluding thrombi

A

blocks the entire lumen of the blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Valvular thrombi

A

attached to the valves of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Mural thrombi

A

attached to the endocardial wall of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Based on location of thrombi:

A

a. Cardiac thrombi
b. Arterial thrombi
c. Venous thrombi
d. Lymphatic thrombi
e. Capillary thrombi or hyaline thrombi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

septic thrombi

A

contains bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

aseptic thrombi

A

no pathogenic agent present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

parasitic thrombi

A

contains parasites such as filarial worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

red thrombi

A

composed of all blood cell components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

pale or white thrombi

A

composed entirely of platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

layered red and white thrombi

A

laminated or mixed thrombi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

pale gray-tan mass consisting of bands of fibrin and platelets mixed with coagulated red blood cells

A

arterial thrombi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

when arterial thrombi builds up, head and tail are in what colors?

A

Head - pale
Tail - darker red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

During propagation concentric laminations are formed

A

lines of Zahn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

they are dark red, moist or gelatinous and are easier to dislodge

A

venous thrombi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

resemble intravascular clots of whole blood due to slow blood flow and as influenced by gravity

A

venous thrombi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

It is the carbohydrate-rich cell coat present in endothelial lining cells which prevents circulating cells from adhering to the surface

A

glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

negatively-charged surface of
endothelial lining lead to a mutual electrostatic repulsion between two sets
of negatively charged cells

A

surface negativity theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

prostaglandin that prevent platelet
aggregation by converting platelet aggregation factors into unstable substances

A

Prostacyclin (PG12)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Theories on Non-thrombogenic Vascular Endothelia

A
  1. Glycocalyx theory
  2. Surface negative theory
  3. Surveillance system theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

prostacyclin convert these platelet aggregation factors to unstable forms

A
  1. endoperoxidase
  2. thromboxane A2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

hemostasis steps

A
  1. vascular contraction
  2. stasis of blood
  3. endothelial adhesion
  4. blood coagulation
  5. platelet aggregation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

formation of ante mortem clot within the blood vessels

A

thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

2 mechanisms of blood coagulation

A
  1. intrinsic clotting mechanism
  2. extrinsic clotting mechanism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

intrinsic clotting mechanism

A

involves the components normally present in the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

extrinsic clotting mechanism

A

involves tissue component in addition to the components from the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

two systems of coagulation both activate this factor which lead to fibrin formation

A

(Factor X) stuart-prower factor

96
Q

Diseases that result in marked bleeding tendencies

A

hemorrhagic diathesis

97
Q

indicates former hemorrhage

A
  1. hemosiderin-laden macrophages
  2. erythrophagocytosis
98
Q

clinical term applied to an animal that has extensive petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on serous and mucous surfaces

A

purpura

99
Q

usually occur on serosal or mucosal surfaces and are visible but cannot be palpated

A

Petechiae, ecchymosis, paint-brush hemorrhages

100
Q

Metrorrhagia

A

Passage of blood through the uterus

101
Q

Hemothorax

A

Hemorrhage into the thoracic cavity

102
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Coughing out of blood

103
Q

hemoperitoneum

A

Hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity

104
Q

hemopericardium

A

Hemorrhage into the pericardial sac

105
Q

hematochezia

A

defecation of blood

106
Q

three-dimensional collection of blood coagula

A

hematocyst/hematoma

107
Q

hematocyst/hematoma

A

sufficient red cells come out in one area to form lump

108
Q

hematemesis

A

vomition of blood

109
Q

hemarthrosis

A

hemorrhage into joint spaces

110
Q

extravasation

A

Extensive hemorrhage within the substance of the tissue

111
Q

Nasal bleeding or bleeding from the nostrils

A

epistaxis

112
Q

entorrhagia

A

passage of blood to alimentary tract (digestive tract)

113
Q

paint brush hemorrhage

A

Linear or streaked appearance of hemorrhage

114
Q

Blotchy or irregular areas of hemorrhage up to 3 centimeters in diameter

A

ecchymosis

115
Q

Minute, pin-point foci of hemorrhage up to 2 millimeter in diameter

A

petechiae

116
Q

critical sites of hemorrhage

A

brain and heart

117
Q

effect of hemorrhage depend on

A
  1. location of hemorrhage
  2. volume of blood lost
  3. rate of blood lost
118
Q

blood escapes from the vasculature

A

hemorrhage

119
Q

implies rupture of a blood vessel

A

rhexis

120
Q

hemorrhage by diapedesis

A

passive process where blood
escapes from minute pores of the vascular endothelia as observed in events of hyperemia of inflammation

121
Q

causes of hemorrhagic diathesis

A
  1. Liver disease
  2. Deficiencies in blood coagulation factors
122
Q

deficiency of this vitamin cause deficiency of prothrombin

A

Vit. K

123
Q

condition in dogs where deficiency of platelets caused by infectious agents

A

canine ehrlichiosis

124
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

deficiency of platelets

125
Q

hemorrhagic diathesis can be seen in hereditary anomaly such as in?

A

congenital hemophilia

126
Q

classification of pathological hyperemia

A
  1. Duration of hyperemia (acute or chronic)
  2. Extent of hyperemia (general or local)
  3. The underlying mechanism (active or passive)
127
Q

occurs as a manifestation of some alterations in blood flow characteristics

A

pathological hyperemia

128
Q

True or false

Pathological hyperemia is a result of some underlying pathological process, not a cause of alteration.

A

True

129
Q

Hyperemia can be observed in?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Cardiac failure
  3. Obstructive venous disease
130
Q

due to engorgement of the vascular bed following an increase in arteriolar flow into the area

A

Acute local active hyperemia

131
Q

passive engorgement of the drainage area due to obstruction in the venous drainage

A

acute local passive hyperemia

132
Q

tissues involved are dark red in color grossly than bright red, as they are engorged with poorly oxygenated blood

A

acute local passive hyperemia

133
Q

organ or organ system develops chronic inflammatory lesions which progress to fibrosis and obstruction tissue’s venous drainage

A

chronic local passive hyperemia

134
Q

Examples of physiological hyperemia

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Stomach and intestine digestion
  3. stimulation of erectile tissues
  4. blushing
135
Q

refers to a local increase in the volume of blood in
tissues due to dilation of the small blood vessels

A

hyperemia

136
Q

refers to the damming of blood in an area due to diminished venous outflow, and is considered
a form of passive hyperemia

A

congestion

137
Q

Characteristics of exudate (active process)

A
  • high protein content
  • increased specific gravity
  • increased number of inflammatory cells
138
Q

Characteristics of transudate (passive process)

A
  • Low protein content
  • Low specific gravity
  • Low or absence on inflammatory cells
139
Q

fixative of choice to retain edema lesion

A

Bouin’s fluid or solutionq

140
Q

gives a characteristically homogenous, pink-staining lesion

A

edema lesion

141
Q

Gut edema is caused by

A

Escherichia coli

142
Q

Malignant edema is caused by

A

Clostridium septicumin

143
Q

common lesion affecting lungs and is often the immediate cause of death in many different disease conditions

A

pulmonary edema

144
Q

Anasarca

A

generalized edema or extreme edema in the entire body, as occurs in some aborted fetuses

145
Q

arises from leakage of surface pleural lymphatic vessels in very edematous lungs

A

hydrothorax

146
Q

arises from excess flow of lymph within the myocardium

A

hydropericardium or pericardial effusion

147
Q

edema in peritoneal cavity

A

Ascites or hydroperitoneum

148
Q

Ascites or Hydroperitoneum occurs in conditions such as?

A
  1. Chronic passive congestion or heart failure
  2. Chronic liver diseases
  3. Chronic renal diseases
  4. Hypoproteinemia
  5. Tumors implanted in abdominal cavity
149
Q

deficiency of protein level in the blood such as in nephrotic syndrome

A

hypoproteinemia

150
Q

edema is severe and generalize which produce a dent when pushed by a finger

A

pitting edema

151
Q

dependent edema

A

a fluid collects in lowermost portion:

  1. ventral abdomen
  2. limbs
152
Q

causes pinkish precipitates in the area of edema during examination

A

high amount of protein content

153
Q

True or false.

Edema is more evident grossly than microscopically.

A

True.

Microscopically, it is extremely difficult to detect the increase in interstitial
fluid in the affected tissue, and the appearance of the section rather
unremarkable

154
Q

Edema is most evident in?

A
  1. Subcutaneous
  2. Lungs
  3. Brain
155
Q

takes the form of fluid collections that may be tinged red with blood

A

subcutaneous edema

156
Q

fills the alveolar spaces such that the lung tissue becomes heavy and filled with fluid

A

edema in lungs

157
Q

When edema in the brain occurs, it pushes brain out into?

A

Foramen magnum, characteristically seen as herniation or “coning” of the cerebellum.

158
Q

changes associated with edema are dependent on

A
  • the severity of edema
  • the rapidity of onset
  • the extent
  • the anatomic location
  • the underlying cause of edema
159
Q

True or false.

Lymphatic obstruction usually results to local edema.

A

True.

160
Q

a parasite that can cause obstruction and lymphatic damage

A

elephantiasis

161
Q

condition may occur following impediments in lymphatic flow by growing neoplasms, emboli, and
damage to the lymphatic channels following surgical interventions

A

lymphatic obstruction

162
Q

Mechanisms of Edema

A

1) Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
2) Increased blood hydrostatic pressure
3) Increased vascular permeability
4) Lymphatic obstruction

163
Q

most important plasma protein, and is principally produced in the liver

A

albumin

164
Q

results when there is a decrease
in plasma protein concentration in the blood

A

decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure

165
Q

occurs when there is a disease condition that increases the venous capillary pressure

A

Increase blood hydrostatic pressure

166
Q

occurs as edema of inflammation and is characteristically local

A

increased vascular permeability

167
Q

mechanism of edema which fluid is high in protein content and leaks out of the damaged endothelial walls

A

Increased vascular permeability

168
Q

accumulation of an excessive amount of extracellular water in the interstitial fluid spaces

A

edema

169
Q

True or false

Edema is a lesion and not a specific disease

A

True

170
Q

nutrient / waste exchange between blood and extravascular tissue

A

microcirculation system

171
Q

collection system

A

lymphatic and veins

172
Q

distribution system

A

arteries

173
Q

pumps blood

A

heart

174
Q

Approximately 60% of the total lean body weight is composed of

A

water

175
Q

water percentage present in intracellular space

A

40%

176
Q

water percentage present in extracellular compartment

A

15%

177
Q

water percentage retained in the plasma

A

5%

178
Q

Net filtration pressure

A

difference between plasma hydrostatic pressure and interstitial tissue colloid
osmotic pressure at the arteriolar end

179
Q

Net absorption pressure

A

difference between the plasma colloid osmotic pressure and the tissue fluid osmotic pressure

180
Q

plasma proteins in the blood

A

albumin and globulin ( alpha, beta, and gamma)

181
Q

release of protein into the urine is called

A

nephrotic syndrome

182
Q

relationship between the various forces at work in the microcirculatory bed

A

starling equilibrium

183
Q

generalized passive hyperemia results to

A

Congestive Heart Failure

184
Q

liver generalized congestion and could result to necrosis of periacinar (or centrilobular) hepatocytes

A

Right sided CHF

185
Q

congestion with characteristic gross appearance as “nutmeg liver”

A

Right sided CHF

186
Q

lungs will show severe congestion and edema, and in some, hydrothorax could be seen

A

Left sided CHF

187
Q

deficiency in platelets

A

thrombocytopenia

188
Q

dogs with canine ehrlichiosis is deficient in

A

platelets

189
Q

True or false.

More rapid the blood is lost, less is the
total volume of blood that must be lost before shock comes in

A

True

190
Q

percentage of critical amount of blood lost that can lead to circulatory collapse and
shock

A

20-40% of the total blood volume in any given species

191
Q

What is expected from a dog whose feces are with digested or frank blood that appears either black or dark violet in color?

A

low chance of recovery from a disease (poor prognosis) due to great blood lost in GIT

192
Q

skin lesion as a result of hemorrhage

A

bruise

193
Q

arrest of hemorrhage

A

hemostasis

194
Q

In intrinsic clotting mechanism, Activated Christmas Factor (Factor IX) combines with (3) to activate Factor X

A

a. antihemophilic factor (Factor VIII)
b. Phospholipid
c. divalent calcium (Factor IV)

195
Q

In extrinsic clotting mechanism, tissue thromboplastin combines with (2) to activate Stuart-Prower Factor

A

a. Proconvertin (Factor III)
b. divalent calcium (Factor (IV)

196
Q

they do not promote activation of either the intrinsic or extrinsic clotting mechanisms, and do not promote the adherence of platelets and leucocytes

A

intact vascular endothelial cells

197
Q

major determinants in the pathogenesis of thrombosis (virchow’s triad)

A
  1. vascular damage
  2. Hypercoagulability of blood
  3. Hemodynamic and Rheological Changes
198
Q

promote platelet adhesion

A
  1. collagen
  2. elastin
  3. basement membrane
  4. microfilament
  5. Amorphous ground substance (AGS)
199
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes released at Phase 2 of platelet reaction

A
  1. Beta-glucuronidase
  2. Cathepsin
  3. beta nitro acetyl glucosaminidase
200
Q

accelerate thrombogenesis

A

PF3, PF4

201
Q

Most critical organs in obstruction of blood flow

A

brain and heart

202
Q

In cats, thromboses at the distal aorta are the usual cause of

A

hind limb paralysis

203
Q

organs with end artery

A

a. brain
b. heart
c. kidney
d. spleen

204
Q

If the occlusion of thrombi is limited it results to

A

atrophy

205
Q

if there is complete blockage of blood flow it results to

A

infarction

206
Q

etiology of post mortem clot

A

Stagnated blood as in downer
animal

207
Q

a normal component of serum, and is activated during stress, infection or shock

A

plasminogen

208
Q

Plasmin is formed from

A

beta globulin (i.e. plasminogen)

209
Q

this is used in some species as a means of euthanasia

A

occlusion of cerebral vessels (through venipuncture)

210
Q

significant cause of death in human after
serious car accident

A
  1. Pulmonary emboli
  2. Cerebral Fat emboli
211
Q

causes of ischemia

A
  1. compression of blood vessels
  2. obstruction
  3. functional lesion
212
Q

Infarcts are classified based on

A
  1. presence or absence of bacterial contamination
  2. color
213
Q

intensely hemorrhagic as blood backs up into the affected tissue behind the obstruction

A

venous infarcts

214
Q

generally pale, except in loose tissues such as the lungs that tend to be hemorrhagic

A

arterial infarcts

215
Q

organs with arterial infarcts

A

heart and kidneys

216
Q

considered one of the “silent” killers of humans

A

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

217
Q

infarction of brain result to

A

encephalomalacia

218
Q

normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

219
Q

normal pH is maintained by

A

bicarbonate and carbonic acid

220
Q

cause of alkylosis (pH = 7.8)

A

excess bicarbonate, decrease carbonic acid

221
Q

leads to acidosis at a pH of about 7.0

A

deficient bicarbonate, excess carbonic acid

222
Q

slowing down of the circulation, settling out of red cells from plasma and increased stickiness of blood

A

sludging

223
Q

visceral pooling

A

Blood fall resultant of diapedeses or rbcs

224
Q

Some lesions found postmortem may be very suggestive, or in some cases diagnostic, of severe shock

A

congestive atelectasis (shock lung)

225
Q

disease states that have accompanying
sepsis, minute thrombi form and are widely dispersed in the microcirculation

A

microcirculatory thrombosis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

226
Q

not a primary disorder, rather a complication of some underlying
cause, and is essentially a defect in hemostasis

A

DIC

227
Q

DIC

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

228
Q

DIC mechanism

A
  1. Activation of the Intrinsic Clotting
    Mechanism
  2. Activation of the Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism
  3. Direct Activation of Prothrombin or Factor X (Stuart-Power Factor)
229
Q

Direct Activation of Prothrombin or Factor X (Stuart-Power Factor)

A

proteolytic enzymes that include snake venoms, and trypsin during
episodes of acute pancreatitis activate these factors

230
Q

widespread neoplasm, tissue necrosis due to infectious diseases, surgical
interventions, and severe trauma to tissues

A

Activation of the Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism

231
Q

independent on tissue
damage through the
direct activation of Factor
XII

A

Activation of the
Intrinsic Clotting
Mechanism

232
Q

DIC phase wherein thrombocytes are depleted

A

hypocoagulable phase

233
Q

occurs following prolonged vomiting with loss of acid

A

metabolic alkylosis

234
Q

occurs following prolonged vomiting with loss of acid

A

metabolic alkylosis

235
Q

Lesion indicative of shock

A
  1. Congestive atelectasis
  2. Visceral pooling
  3. Acute renal tubular necrosis
  4. Sludging
  5. Disseminated intravascular coagulation
236
Q

In most disease conditions where widespread vascular damage is a
feature, it is the immediate cause of death when left unattended

A

DIC

237
Q

Platelet Release reaction in Phase 1 (2)

A
  1. Adenosine nucleotide (ADP)
  2. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or serotonin
238
Q

Thromboxane A2

A

Promote platelet aggregation

Veterinary General Pathology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions