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Veterinary General Pathology > Disturbances in Circulation > Flashcards

Disturbances in Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

reduction in the flow of oxygenated blood

A

stagnant anoxia

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2
Q

Refers to acute ischemic coagulation
necrosis of an area or tissue

A

infarction

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3
Q

inadequate supply of oxygenated blood

A

anoxic anoxia

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4
Q

low hemoglobin content or reduced capacity of blood to carry oxygen

A

anemic anoxia

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5
Q

inability of cells to utilize oxygen

A

histotoxic anoxia

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6
Q

results to infarction if it lodges in organs with so called “end arteries” (such as kidneys, spleen, brain)

A

ischemia

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7
Q

if ischemia is partial or gradual it would result to

A

atrophy

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8
Q

if complete ischemia it would result to

A

infarction

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9
Q

size of petechial hemorrhage

A

1-2 mm

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10
Q

size of ecchymosis

A

2-3 cm

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11
Q

refers to extensive streaking with hemorrhage (like a splashed red paint on the tissue)

A

paint brush

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12
Q

petechiae, ecchymosis and paint-brush are visible but cannot be palpated, they occur in what areas of the body?

A

serosal and mucosal surfaces

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13
Q

extensive hemorrhage within the tissue

A

extravasation

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14
Q

can be palpated; occurrence of sufficient red cells that come out in one area to form lump (sometimes fluid/blood)

A

hematoma/hematocyst

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15
Q

clinical term applied to an animal that has extensive petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on the surface in mucousal/serosal disease

A

purpura

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16
Q

a descriptive term that does not imply specific disease

A

purpura

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17
Q

Define epistaxis.

A

Nasal bleeding

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18
Q

Massive hemorrhage in the peritoneal

A

hemoperitoneum

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19
Q

Massive hemorrhage in the pericardium

A

hemopericardium

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20
Q

Massive hemorrhage in the thoracic cavity

A

hemothorax

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21
Q

hemarthrosis

A

hemorrhage in the joint cavity

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22
Q

coughing out of blood

A

hemoptysis

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23
Q

entorrhagia

A

passage of blood from the alimentary tract (or digestive tract)

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24
Q

metrorrhagia

A

passage of blood through the uterus

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25
Q

hematemesis

A

vomition of blood

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26
Q

otorrhagia

A

externalization of red blood through the ear canal

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27
Q

skin lesion as a result of hemorrhage

A

bruise

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28
Q

hematochezia

A

defecation of blood

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29
Q

There is a former hemorrhage if
there are presence of? (2)

A

a. hemosiderin-laden macrophages
b. erythrophagocytosis

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30
Q

partial reduction of blood supply

A

hypoxia

31
Q

localized anemia or reduction of blood flow

A

ischemia

32
Q

What are the causes of ischemia?

A
  1. compression of blood vessels
  2. obstruction of blood vessels
  3. functional disturbances in tissues
33
Q

effects of ischemia depend on?

A
  1. Organ involved
  2. Degree of occlusion
  3. Collateral circulation
  4. Size of blood vessel
34
Q

organs susceptible to infarction

A

brain, kidneys, spleen

35
Q

organs resistant to infarction

A

skeletal system, tubular organs, dual blood supply

36
Q

organs with dual blood supply

A

liver and lungs

37
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

the formation of ante-mortem clot or formation of ante-mortem intravascular blood clot

38
Q

formed blood clot

A

thrombus

39
Q

A solid structure formed in the bloodstream from the normal constituents of the blood

A

thrombi

40
Q

Causes of thrombosis

A
  1. Endothelial damage
  2. Hypercoagulability
  3. Flow of changes
41
Q

Causes of Thrombosis (Virchow’s Triad of Thrombosis)

A
  1. Changes in the rate of flow
  2. Injury to the vessel
  3. Changes in the blood
42
Q

Outcomes of thrombosis.

A
  1. Lysis and complete removal
  2. Plasmin formed from plasminogen
  3. Contraction of a thrombus will occur if it remains on a surface
43
Q

activated during stress, infection or shock, as well as being released from injured tissue

A

beta globulin (plasminogen)

44
Q

fibrin thrombi present in capillaries

A

hyaline thrombi

45
Q

Detached thrombi in the blood vessel wall are called

A

embolus

46
Q

refers to a process where a solid mass (emboli) is transported from one part of the body to another through the circulatory system

A

embolism

47
Q

a process where floating bodies (embolus/emboli) are transported in the bloodstream

A

embolism

48
Q

an abnormal solid mass which is a common cause of infarction

A

embolus

49
Q

e groups of tumor cells, colonies of bacteria or foreign bodies injected into the blood or pieces of a thrombus that have broken from a primary site

A

embolus

50
Q

Apart from fragments of thrombi, emboli may be?

A

parasites, bacteria, fungi, foreign
bodies and gas bubbles

51
Q

formation of blood clot in the free-flowing blood

A

disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

52
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy is an indication of?

A

defective hemostasis

53
Q

hemostasis

A

prevents loss of blood

54
Q

What are the effects of DIC?

A
  1. Hemorrhagic diathesis
  2. Consumptive coagulopathy and shock
55
Q

If the embolus is in the vein (deoxygenated blood), it will eventually lodge in the?

A

pulmonary circulation

56
Q

Mechanisms of DIC

A
  1. Activation of the intrinsic clotting mechanism independent of tissue damage

2.Activation of the extrinsic clotting mechanism

  1. Direct activation of prothrombin by proteolytic enzymes
57
Q

one end attached to vessel wall and the other end moving freely

A

obturating or trailing thrombi

58
Q

straddle the bifurcation of blood vessel

A

saddle thrombi

59
Q

allows partial blood flow

A

canalized thrombi

60
Q

blocks the entire circumference of the blood vessel

A

occluding thrombi

61
Q

thrombi attached to heart valves

A

valvular thrombi

62
Q

thrombi attached on endocardial wall

A

mural thrombi

63
Q

Classification of Thrombus

A
  1. Based on location on blood vascular system
  2. Based on location within heart or blood vessels
  3. Based on content of pathogenic agent
  4. Based on color
64
Q

Based on content of pathogenic agent

A
  1. Septic thrombi – contain bacteria
  2. Aseptic thrombi – no pathogenic agent present
  3. Parasitic thrombi – contains parasites
65
Q

Based on color

A
  1. Red thrombi – composed of all blood cell components
  2. Pale or white thrombi – composed entirely of platelets
  3. Laminated or mixed thrombi – composed of red and white thrombi
66
Q

Reactions due to DIC

A
  1. Hypercoagulability
  2. Platelet aggregation
  3. Fibrin formation
  4. Infarction of many organs
  5. Hypocoagulability
  6. Activation of fibrinolytic system
  7. Depletion of thrombocytes (p
67
Q

Thrombi are attached to blood vessel wall. Once formed outcomes include:

A
  1. Propagation
  2. Removal by fibrinolysis or through phagocytosis
  3. Fibrous tissue organization with recanalization of the affected vessel
  4. May break, detach and become an embolus.
68
Q

lesion in which excess blood may be drawn into an area, usually at the arterial site of the circulation

A

hyperemia

69
Q

a long term condition wherein heart can’t pump blood well enough to give your
body enough blood supply; as a result, blood and fluids collect in the lungs and leak over time

A

congestive heart failure

70
Q

no longer pumps enough blood around the body, then blood builds up in the
pulmonary veins or the blood vessels that carry the blood away from the lungs

A

left sided CHF (left ventricle)

71
Q

In right sided CHF, ______ is too weak to pump blood towards the lungs

A

right ventricle

72
Q

RBCs are present outside the blood vessel; escape of blood from the vascular system

A

hemorrhage

73
Q

rbc escaped from intact vessels

A

hemorrhage diapedesis

74
Q

Causes of hemorrhage

A

a. Trauma
b. Systemic damage
c. Hemorrhagic diathesis

Veterinary General Pathology (4 decks)

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