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[MT 6314] Pharmacology & Toxicology > Introduction to Toxicology: Occupational and Environmental > Flashcards

Introduction to Toxicology: Occupational and Environmental Flashcards

1
Q

Basic principles of toxicology

A
  1. Mechanism of exposure
  2. Toxicological effects
    a. Recognition
    b. Prevention
    c. Treatment
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2
Q

Exposure to chemicals maybe through the environment (air, water, soil, food) and/or occupational.

A

Occupational & Environmental Toxicology

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3
Q

T/F: Most common chemicals are those used in households, personal care and consumer products; those used in agriculture and industry

A

T

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4
Q

What systems are affected by Occupational & Environmental Toxicology?

A

CNS, liver & kidney, Reproductive system

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5
Q

Signs and symptoms for chronic chemical poisoning of chemicals may be non-specific and may manifest as
headaches, nauseas, vomiting, dizziness, irritation of the skin, eyes and mucous membranes

A

F; acute chemical poisoning

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6
Q

Effects of Occupational & Environmental Toxicology

A

Depending on dose, duration of exposure, vulnerability of individuals

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7
Q

This area of toxicology deals with chemicals found in the
workplace

A

Occupational Toxicology

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8
Q

Handles cases involving Occupational & Environmental Toxicology

A

Occupational Medicine Specialists and Toxicologists

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9
Q

T/F: Treatment is available for Occupational & Environmental Toxicology.

A

T

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10
Q

Occupational toxicology identifies?

A
  1. Agents of concern
  2. Acute & chronic diseases
  3. Conditions for safe use
  4. Preventive measures
  5. Treatment
  6. Surveillance
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10
Q

Who established RA 11058 or the Labor Code of the PH?

A

Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS)

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11
Q

Standards for specific materials of particularly
serious toxicity

A

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs): ppm

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12
Q

Only serves as a guide
or reference points in the evaluation of potential
workplace exposures in the absence of OSHA requirements; it is still not implemented

A

Threshold limit values (TLVs)

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13
Q

Deals with the deleterious impact of chemical pollutants in the environment, on living organisms

A

Environmental toxicology / Ecotoxicology

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13
Q

Toxic effects of chemical and physical agent on
populations and communities of living
organisms within defined ecosystems

A

Environmental toxicology / Ecotoxicology

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14
Q

Transfer pathways of those agents and interactions with the environment

A

Environmental toxicology / Ecotoxicology

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15
Q

● Concerned with the impact on populations of living
organisms or on ecosystems
● Includes air, soil or water

A

Environmental toxicology / Ecotoxicology

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16
Q

Environmental toxicology / Ecotoxicology is a product of?

A
  1. Industrialization
  2. Technologic development
  3. Urbanization
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17
Q

Ability of chemical agent to cause injury / disease in a
given situation or setting

A

Hazard

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18
Q

Something that can potentially cause harm

A

Hazard

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18
Q

Likelihood that a hazard will cause harm

A

Risk

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18
Q

Potential to cause harm

A

Hazard

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19
Q

Expected frequency of the occurrence of an undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical
or physical agent

A

Risk

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20
Q

Inhalation and dermal

A

Atmospheric pollutants

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20
Q

Hazard + exposure

A

Risk

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20
Q

Routes of Exposure in Industrial

A

Inhalational > Transdermal Route > Oral

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20
Q

Water and soil pollutants are absorbed through

A

○ Inhalation
○ Ingestion
○ Transdermal

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21
Q

Inhalation, ingestion, dermal

A

Water and soil pollutants

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22
Q

● Single or multiple exposure over a brief period of time
● (Ex.) accidental discharge

A

Acute exposure

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23
Q

● Single or multiple exposure over a longer period of time
● (Ex.) repetitive handling of chemical (done by laboratory technicians)

A

Chronic exposure

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24
Q

↑ dose = _ effect

A

↑

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25
Q

Physically remove the hazard

A

Elimination

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25
Q

replace the hazard

A

Substitution

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26
Q

isolate people from the hazard

A

engineering controls

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26
Q

Protect the worker with Personal Protective Equipment

A

PPE

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27
Q

Most effective in Hierarchy of Controls

A

Elimination

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28
Q

change the way people work

A

Administrative controls (Policies)

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29
Q

Least effective in Hierarchy of Controls

A

PPE

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30
Q

Polychlorinated biphenyls

A

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

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31
Q

Furans

A

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

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31
Q

Dioxins

A

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

32
Q

Methyl mercury discharges causes __________.

A

neurotoxicity

33
Q

T/F: Poorly degraded chemicals (by abiotic or biotic pathways) exhibit environmental persistence and can accumulate

A

T

34
Q

Environmental considerations

A

Degradability, bioaccumulation, transport and biomagnification

34
Q

Organochlorine pesticides
bioaccumulate in body fat causes endocrine disruption, neurological disorders, and carcinogenesis

A

Lipophilic substances

35
Q

T/F: Biodegradable are biotic

A

F; abiotic

35
Q

↓ degraded = _ capacity to accumulate in the environment

A

↑

35
Q

causative agent Minamata disease

A

Methylmercury

36
Q

0ccurs when the metabolism of a chemical is low, thus preventing it from being excreted out since it cannot be turned into water
soluble or excretable form

A

Bioaccumulation

37
Q

Pollutants having the widest
environmental impact are poorly degradable

A

Bioaccumulation

38
Q

Relatively mobile in air, water, and soil

A

Bioaccumulation

39
Q

Concentrates the chemical in organisms higher on the food chain

A

Biomagnification

40
Q

n entails several organisms

A

Biomagnification

41
Q

Colorless, tasteless, odorless and non-irritating gas

A

Carbon monoxide / CO

41
Q

Byproduct of incomplete combustion

A

Carbon monoxide / CO

41
Q

Sources of Carbon monoxide / CO

A

→ Unvented kerosene and gas space heaters
→ Leaking chimneys and furnaces
→ Back-drafting from furnaces
→ Gas water heaters
→ Wood stoves and Fireplaces
→ Gas stoves
→ Generators and other gasoline powered equipment
→ Automobile exhaust and attached garages
→ Tobacco Smoke

42
Q

most famous source of carbon monoxide (CO)

A

Automobile exhaust and attached garages

42
Q

● Easily absorbed through the lungs
● Exposure may be acute or chronic
● Has teratogenic potential

A

Carbon monoxide / CO

42
Q

T/F: Carbon Monoxide combines tightly but reversibly with oxygen-binding site of Hemoglobin (Hb)

A

T

43
Q

Sources of Carbon Monoxide in a home

A

→ Car left running in attached garage
→ Clogged chimney
→ Corroded or Disconnected Water Heater Vent Pipe
→ Gas or Wood-burning Fireplace
→ Cracked or Loose Furnace Exchanger
→ Improperly installed Kitchen Range or Vent
→ Operating a Grill indoors or in a Garage
→ Portable Kerosene or Gas Heaters

44
Q

CO + oxygen-binding site of hemoglobin (Hb) = ?

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

45
Q

cannot transport oxygen

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

46
Q

CO has affinity of about ___ times that of oxygen

A

220

47
Q

Interferes with the dissociation of oxygen from the remaining oxyhemoglobin as a result of the Bohr effect.

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

48
Q

T/F: The presence of carboxyhemoglobin increases oxygen transfer to the tissues

A

F; decreases

48
Q

What organs with the highest oxygen demand are most seriously
affected?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Heart
  3. Kidneys
48
Q

carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

hemoglobin

49
Q

T/F: Presence of carbon monoxide causes oxygen to not be carried in and out of the body

A

T

50
Q

Complete combustion

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

50
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Carbon monoxide (CO)

51
Q

Symptoms of Hypoxia

A

● Psychomotor impairment
● Headache and tightness in the temporal area
● Confusion and loss of visual acuity
● Tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, and coma
● Deep coma, convulsions, shock, and respiratory failure

52
Q

Hypoxia is aggravated by

A

● Heavy labor
● High altitude and ambient temperature
● Smoking exposure
● Cardiorespiratory diseases

52
Q

Principle sign of carbon monoxide

A

Hypoxia

53
Q

1st step of treatment when carbon monoxide is inhaled

A
53
Q

Colorless irritant gas generated primarily by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels

A

Sulfur Dioxide

54
Q

Treatment for Hypoxia

A

Remove from source of CO
Give high conc of O2
Hypothermic therapy

55
Q

Principal source of urban SO2

A

Burning of coal, both for domestic heating and in coal-fired power plants

56
Q

Site of principal effect for sulfur dioxide

A

upper respiratory tract

57
Q

Clinical effect if sulfur dioxide is INHALED

A
  • Causes bronchial constriction
  • Produces profuse bronchorrhea
  • Parasympathetic reflexes and altered smooth muscle tone
58
Q

Clinical outcome of Sulfur Dioxide

A

acute irritant asthma

58
Q

Signs and symptoms of SO2 intoxication

A
  • Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat
  • Reflex bronchoconstriction
  • Increased bronchial secretions
58
Q

Exposure to 5 ppm SO2 for 10 minutes

A

Increased resistance to airflow

58
Q

Exposures of 5-10 ppm SO2

A

Cause severe bronchospasm

59
Q

Severe exposure of SO2

A

Delayed-onset pulmonary edema

60
Q

Cumulative effects from chronic low-level exposure of SO2

A

Aggravation of chronic cardiopulmonary disease

61
Q

Treatment for SO2

A

Depends on therapeutic maneuvers used to treat irritation of the respiratory tract and asthma

62
Q

NO2 is found in

A

Fresh silage
Diesel equipment
Automobile and truck traffic emissions

62
Q

Brownish irritant gas sometimes associated with fires
Relatively insoluble deep lung irritant

A

Nitrogen Oxides NO2

63
Q

Most common source of human exposure to oxides of nitrogen

A

Automobile and truck traffic emissions

64
Q

Capable of producing pulmonary edema and acute adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

Nitrogen Oxides

64
Q

Inhalation damages the lung infrastructure that produces the surfactant necessary to allow smooth and low-effort lung alveolar
expansion

A

Nitrogen Oxides

64
Q

This cell appears to be the cells chiefly affected by acute low to moderate inhalation exposure of Nitrogen oxide

A

Type 1 cells of the alveoli

65
Q

Intoxication of NO2 is associated with

A

○ Silo-Filler’s Disease
○ Non-allergic Asthma
○ “Twitchy Airway Disease”

66
Q

Acute intoxication of NO2 symptoms

A

○ Irritation of eyes and nose, cough
○ Mucoid or frothy sputum production
○ Dyspnea and chest pain
○ Pulmonary edema
○ Fibrotic destruction of terminal bronchioles

67
Q

Chronic exposure of NO2

A

emphysematous changes

68
Q

Bluish irritant gas naturally found in the earth’s atmosphere

A

Ozone (O3) and other oxides

69
Q

Ozone (O3) and other oxides are found in

A

○ Burning of fossil fuel
○ Emission from power plants, motor vehicles
and other sources of high heat compounds
○ High-voltage electrical equipment and air and
water purification systems
○ Agriculture

70
Q

Sources of Ozone

A

● Area sources
● Oil and gas
● Biogenic sources
● Off-road engines
● On-road vehicles
● Non-road engines
● Point sources

71
Q

Clinical effects of Ozone

A

Shallow, rapid breathing and decrease in pulmonary compliance

72
Q

Clinical effects of Acute Ozone Exposure

A

○ Irritation and dryness to throat
○ Changes to visual acuity
○ Substernal pain and dyspnea
○ Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

73
Q

Clinical effects of Chronic Ozone Exposure

A

○ Chronic bronchitis
○ Bronchiolitis
○ Emphysema

74
Q

Treatment for Ozone exposure

A

No specific treatment for acute O3 intoxication

[MT 6314] Pharmacology & Toxicology (20 decks)

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