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Introduction To Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to complex ecosystems.

A

TOXICOLOGY

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2
Q

Study of adverse effects of the xenobiotics

A

TOXICOLOGY

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3
Q

It is the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment.

A

TOXICOLOGY

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4
Q

Ex. Physical poison

A

Nuclear rays & radiation

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5
Q

Ex. Chemical poison

A

Reagents and chemicals

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6
Q

Ex. Biological poison

A

Toxins

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7
Q

What killed Socrates?

A

Hemlock

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8
Q

What killed Cleopatra?

A

Asp (snake)

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9
Q

state poison of the Greeks

A

hemlock

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10
Q

chinese arrow poison

A

aconite

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11
Q

How opium is used?

A

antidote-poison-antidote

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12
Q

Heavy metals examples

A

Pb, Hg, Cu, As, Sb

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13
Q

treatise on the treatment of poisonings from insects, snakes, and mad dogs

A

Poisons and Antidotes (1198)

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14
Q

Wrote on the subject of bioavailability, noting that milk, butter, and cream could delay intestinal absorption

A

Maimonides

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15
Q

Paracelsus name

A

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus
Bombastus von Hohenheim

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16
Q

coined the word “toxixon”

A

Paracelsus

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17
Q

Father of Toxicology

A

Paracelsus

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18
Q

Considered to be the modern father of toxicology.

A

Mathieu Orfila (Mattieu Joseph Bonaventura Orfila)

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19
Q

Book written by Orfila

A

traite des poisons

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20
Q

toxicology came from the Greek word

A

toxicon

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21
Q

What killed Alexander the Great?

A

alcohol overdose

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22
Q

Hemlock

A

Conium maculatum

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23
Q

Aconite

A

Aconitum napellus

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24
Q

Opium

A

Papaver somniferum

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25
Q

Farmer God

A

Shen Nong

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26
Q

Founded the Chinese Herbal Medicine

A

Shen Nong

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27
Q

Founder of Ayurveda (India)

A

Sushruta

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28
Q

Developed tolerance to poisons

A

Mithridates VI

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29
Q

Nicander of Colophon authored 2 books entitled:

A

Theriaka & Alexipharmaka

30
Q

How many substances does the book Alexipharmaka have?

A

exactly 21 substances

31
Q

Wrote the encyclopedic “De Materia Medica”

A

Dioscorides

32
Q

Authored the book “A Mechanical Account of Poisons in Several Essays”

A

Richard Mead

33
Q

Authored the book “De Morbis Artificum Diatriba” (A Treatise on the Diseases of Workers)

A

Bernardino Ramazzini

34
Q

Richard Mead book

A

A Mechanical Account of
Poisons in Several Essays

35
Q

Bernardino Ramazzini

A

De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (A Treatise on the Diseases of Workers)

36
Q

Authored the essay “Chirurgical Observations Relative to the Cataract, the Polypus of the Nose, the Cancer of the Scrotum “

A

Percivall Pott

37
Q

Said that there is a connection between the job of chimney sweepers to the scrotum cancer.

A

Percivall Pott

38
Q

His work led to the understanding of homeostasis.

A

Claude Bernard

39
Q

Studied the toxicological effects of opium, atropine, strychnine, and nicotine.

A

Claude Bernard

40
Q

Toxic substance in Castor beans

41
Q

Castor beans

A

Ricinus communis

42
Q

Ricin MOT

A

inhibits protein production

43
Q

Nux vomica seed toxin

A

Strychnine

44
Q

Strychnine

A

Strychnos nux-vomica

45
Q

Strychnine MOT

A

inhibits glycine leading to seizure

46
Q

Mushroom (Amanita muscaria)

47
Q

Muscarine MOT

A

muscarinic/cholinergic effects (DUMBELSS)

48
Q

Pb toxicity

49
Q

Plumbism antidote

50
Q

Ag toxicity

51
Q

Argyria antidote

A

NaCl in the form of NSS

52
Q

Pb toxicity half-life

53
Q

Ag toxicity half-life

54
Q

This provides necessary information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements.

A

Descriptive Toxicology

55
Q

concerned with elucidating the mechanisms by which chemicals exert their toxic effects on living organisms

A

Mechanistic Toxicology

56
Q

It aims to identify the molecular events that leads to the manifestation of toxic effects

A

Mechanistic Toxicology

57
Q

basis of data provided by the descriptive toxicologist if a drug or other chemical possesses a sufficiently low risk to be marketed for a stated purpose

A

Regulatory Toxicology

58
Q

3 Main Areas in Toxicology

A

Descriptive, Mechanistic, Regulatory (DMR)

59
Q

hybrid of analytic chemistry and fundamental toxicological principles

A

Forensic Toxicology

60
Q

It is concerned with the medico-legal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans.

A

Forensic Toxicology

61
Q

Examples of Regulatory Toxicology

A

FDA, DOH, WHO, ICH

62
Q

Deals within the realm of medical science concerned with disease caused by, or uniquely associated with toxic substances.

A

Clinical Toxicology

63
Q

Clinical toxicologists develop antidotes and treatment regimens for ameliorating poisoning and xenobiotic injury

A

Clinical Toxicology

64
Q

Most clinical toxicologists work in hospitals and have close links with university clinical pharmacology departments

A

Clinical Toxicology

65
Q

focuses on the impacts of chemical pollutants found in the environment on biological organisms

A

Environmental Toxicology

66
Q

Studies chemicals that are contaminants of food, water, soil or the air

A

Environmental Toxicology

67
Q

Study the effect of xenobiotics in the environment, which may include the animals

A

Environmental Toxicology

68
Q

Deals with the chemicals found in the workplace.

A

Occupational Toxicology

69
Q

Study of adverse effects that is due to chemicals encountered at work.

A

Occupational Toxicology

70
Q

The major emphasis of _______________ is to identify the agents of concern, define the conditions leading to their safe use, and prevent absorption of harmful amounts.

A

Occupational Toxicology

PHCT (5 decks)

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