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PHCT > Introduction To Poisoning > Flashcards

Introduction To Poisoning Flashcards

1
Q

a prompt and marked disturbance of function or death within a short time

A

Acute Poisoning

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2
Q

Acute Poisoning Conditions:

A
  1. Taking a strong poison
  2. Excessive single dose of a drug
  3. Several small doses but frequent administration of a drug
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3
Q

poisoning marked by a gradual deterioration of the function of tissues and may or may not result in death

A

Chronic Poisoning

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4
Q

Toxicity takes many months/years to become recognizable

A

Chronic Poisoning

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5
Q

Chronic Poisoning Conditions:

A
  1. Take several small doses of drugs at long intervals
  2. Taking only the toxic dose of a drug
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6
Q

Duration and Frequency of Exposure:
less than 24 hours-generally a single dose

A

Acute

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7
Q

Duration and Frequency of Exposure:
Repeated exposures- usually dietary

A

Acute

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8
Q

Duration and Frequency of Exposure:
Repeated exposure for a month or less

A

Subacute

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9
Q

Duration and Frequency of Exposure:
repeated exposure for 1 to 3 months

A

Subchronic exposure

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10
Q

Duration and Frequency of Exposure:
exposure for greater than three months

A

Chronic exposure

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11
Q

Acute Exposure of Benzene

A

CNS Narcosis

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12
Q

Chronic Exposure of Benzene

A

Bone Marrow Damage and Leukemia

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13
Q

Acute Exposure of Cigarette smoke

A

Nervous system stimulation

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14
Q

Chronic Exposure of Cigarette smoke

A

Cancer of mouth, pharynx, larynx, lung, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, and emphysema

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15
Q

Acute Exposure of Ethanol

A

headache, drowsiness, vomiting

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16
Q

Chronic Exposure of Ethanol

A

liver cirrhosis or liver cancer

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17
Q

an abnormal, undesirable, or harmful effect to the well-being that is indicated by some measurable endpoints

A

Adverse Effects

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18
Q

any noxious, unintended, and undesired effects of drugs that occur at normal doses; unpreventable

A

ADR (Adverse Drug Reaction)

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19
Q

an injury resulting from medical intervention related to the drug; medication error; preventable

A

ADE (Adverse Drug Event)

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20
Q

chromosomal breakage resulting in rearrangement of pieces of chromosomes

A

Clastogenesis

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21
Q

carries the genes, a combination of DNA, RNA, protein

A

chromosomes

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22
Q

The loss, addition, or rearrangement of chromosomes.

A

Clastogenesis

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23
Q

Can be associated with various chronic inflammatory disorders (Doxorubicin, Cisplatin)

A

Clastogenesis

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24
Q

Involve 2 different chromosomes wherein they exchanged places in location

A

Translocation

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25
Q

chemicals with molecular weights of less than 1000

A

Haptens

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26
Q

generally react with endogenous carrier molecules to become antigens before immunogenicity

A

Haptens

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27
Q

process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed, resulting in a mutation

A

Mutagenesis

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28
Q

Ex. Urushiol- poison ivy

A

Haptens

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29
Q

Ex. vinca alkaloid (vincristine, vinblastine), bromine, nicotine

A

Mutagenesis

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30
Q

refers to an injury produced by a chemical to one kind of living matter without harming some other kind, even though the two may have been an intimate contact

A

Selective Toxicity

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31
Q

study of malformations induced during development from conception to birth

A

Teratology

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32
Q

Teratogenic Substances - Thalidomide

A

phocomelia

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33
Q

Use of thalidomide before

A

morning sickness

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34
Q

Use of thalidomide now

A

Leprosy (Hansen’s diseases)

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35
Q

Teratogenic Substances - Phenytoin

A

fetal hydantoin syndrome

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36
Q

Teratogenic Substances - Vit. A

A

craniofacial dysmorphism;
can also lead to spontaneous abortion

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37
Q

Teratogenic Substances - Lithium

A

heart defect

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38
Q

Teratogenic Substances - ACEis

A

microcephaly, renal problem

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39
Q

Teratogenic Substances - Alcohol

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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40
Q

synonymous with harmful in regard to the effects of chemicals

A

Toxic

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41
Q

relative term used in comparing one chemical with another

A

Toxicity

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42
Q

A relative property of a chemical referring to the harmful effects of the latter on some biologic mechanisms

A

Toxicity

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43
Q

expected frequency of a particular untoward effect in response to a particular agent

A

Risk

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44
Q

amount of exposure to a given agent that is deemed safe for a period of time

A

Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

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45
Q

determination of the ability of agents to produce tumors

A

Carcinogenicity /Tumorigenicity

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46
Q

quantity of medicine that can kill an organism

A

Lethal/Fatal Dose

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47
Q

Toxin in rotten corn

A

Aflatoxin

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48
Q

Toxicity associated with any chemical substance.

A

Intoxication

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49
Q

A clinical toxicity secondary to accidental exposure

A

Poisoning

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50
Q

An intentional exposure with the intent of causing self-injury or death.

A

Overdose

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51
Q

drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effects (no therapeutic effect whatsoever)

A

Poisons

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52
Q

Refers to toxic substances produced naturally

A

Toxin

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53
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Clostridium botulinum

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54
Q

Botulinum toxin A

A

Botox

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55
Q

Tetanus toxin

A

Clostridium tetani

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56
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Diphtheria toxin

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57
Q

Bufo frog

A

Bufotoxin

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58
Q

Rosary pea

A

abrin

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59
Q

Rotten apple (aspergillus invade apple)

A

Patulin

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60
Q

Denotes the altered pharmacodynamics of a drug when given in toxic dosage, since normal receptors and mechanisms may be altered

A

Toxicodynamics

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61
Q

applied to the pharmacokinetics of toxic doses of chemicals, since the toxic effects of an agent may alter normal mechanisms for absorption, metabolism or excretion of a foreign material

A

Toxicokinetics

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62
Q

log dose that can produce 50% mortality in a population

A

LD50 or Median Lethal Dose

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63
Q

Dose that is required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration

A

LD50 or Median Lethal Dose

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64
Q

ability of a chemical agent to cause injury in a given situation or setting

A

hazard

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65
Q

are clinical syndromes that are essential for the successful recognition of poisoning patterns

A

Toxidromes

66
Q

constellation of signs and symptoms that suggest a specific class of poisoning

A

toxidrome

67
Q

The most important toxidromes,
clinically, are:

A

■ Sympathomimetic
■ Sedative Hypnotic
■ Opiate
■ Anticholinergic
■ Cholinergic

68
Q

Examples of Sympathomimetic drugs

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, caffeine

69
Q

Examples of Sympathomimetic toxidromes

A

tachycardia, HTN, mydriasis, tremor, hallucination

70
Q

Examples of Sedative hypnotic drugs

A

Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines

71
Q

Examples of Opioid drugs

A

Morphine, codeine, heroine, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone

72
Q

Examples of Anticholinergic drugs

A

Atropine, scopolamine, antihistamine, benadryl

73
Q

Examples of Cholinergic drugs

A

Organophosphates, carbamates, nerve gases

74
Q

Examples of sedative hypnotic toxidromes

A

Sedation, CNS depression, confusion, blurred vision

75
Q

Examples of opiate toxidromes

A

Pinpoint pupils (miosis)
Respiratory depression
Coma

76
Q

Triad of Toxicity

A

Pinpoint pupils (miosis)
Respiratory depression
Coma

77
Q

Examples of anticholinergic toxidromes

A

mydriasis, dryness, urinary retention

78
Q

Examples of cholinergic toxidromes

A

■ Diarrhea
■ Urination
■ Miosis
■ Bradycardia
■ Bronchoconstriction
■ Emesis
■ Lacrimation
■ Salivation
■ Sweating

79
Q

DUMBBELSS

A

■ Diarrhea
■ Urination
■ Miosis
■ Bradycardia nerve
■ Bronchoconstriction
■ Emesis
■ Lacrimation
■ Salivation
■ Sweating

80
Q

Evidences contributed by circumstances. Deduced from various occurrences and facts.

A

Circumstantial or Moral Evidence

81
Q

Includes symptoms observed during poisoning

A

Symptomatic Evidence

82
Q

Examples: motives for poisoning purchasing the poison keeping the materials used

A

Circumstantial or Moral Evidence

83
Q

Examples: arsenic poisoning is like cholera alcoholic coma may stimulate diabetic coma

A

Symptomatic Evidence

84
Q

Evidence obtained by chemical analysis of the suspected substance, or the vomitus or secretion of the body

A

Chemical Evidence

85
Q

This alone is not reliable because the poison may be decomposed or changed or it may have been placed anywhere after death.

A

Chemical Evidence

86
Q

Evidence from examination of tissues and organs after death.

A

Post-mortem Evidence

87
Q

After death evidence

A

Post-mortem Evidence

88
Q

Obtained by administering the suspected substance to some living animal and noting the effects or symptoms.

A

Experimental Evidence

89
Q

This is not a very conclusive procedure since tolerance may not be the same as in man.

A

Experimental Evidence

90
Q

Major route of entry of poisons in the industrial setting.

A

Inhalation

91
Q

Atmospheric pollutants gain entry mainly by ______

A

Inhalation

92
Q

Ex. sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. What route?

A

Inhalation

93
Q

the lowest concentration of a certain odor compound that is perceivable the human sense of smell

A

Odor threshold

94
Q

Route of exposure for water & soil pollutants

A

Oral ingestion

95
Q

may occur in high concentrations or prolonged exposure to some substances

A

Olfactory fatigue

96
Q

Hydrogen sulfide smell

A

Rotten egg

97
Q

via GIT, the result of ingesting contaminated food or beverages, touching the mouth with contaminated fingers, or swallowing inhaled particles

A

Ingestion

98
Q

Bypasses the protection provided by the intact skin and provides direct access in the bloodstream.

A

Injection

99
Q

Most dangerous route of exposure

A

Injection

100
Q

occur in hypersensitive individuals or after sensitization in allergic or sensitized persons

A

Allergic reactions

101
Q

Reaction mediated by IgE

A

Allergic reactions

102
Q

occurs when a person reacts to certain substances in the environment

A

Allergy

103
Q

Often requires binding of chemical (hapten) to endogenous protein in order to be recognized by the immune system.

A

Allergic reactions

104
Q

Reaction ranges from skin irritation to anaphylactic shock.

A

Allergic reactions

105
Q

occur in individuals who have genetic polymorphisms that lead to structural changes in biomolecules, making them very sensitive or insensitive to a chemical

A

Idiosyncratic Reactions

106
Q

Allergic reactions in skin ex:

A

itching, dermatitis, urticaria

107
Q

A drug that causes prolonged muscle relaxation or short muscle relaxation (APNEA)

A

Succinylcholine

108
Q

Most chemicals exert their effects soon after exposure.

A

IMMEDIATE toxicity

109
Q

Immediate toxicity is mediated by Ig__

A

E

110
Q

genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases

A

Atopy

111
Q

acute allergic rxn to an antigen

A

Anaphylaxis

112
Q

condition marked by spasm in the bronchi of lungs (bronchospasm)

A

Asthma

113
Q

Delayed toxicity is mediated by ______

A

T-cells

114
Q

Immediate toxicity is mediated by _____

A

IgE

115
Q

Toxicity that may be delayed for days to years (cancer)

A

DELAYED toxicity

116
Q

Organ/s that can regenerate itself

A

Liver

117
Q

Organ/s that CANNOT regenerate itself

A

CNS (nerves)

118
Q

Examples:
• Contact dermatitis
• TB - uses Mantoux Test
• Chronic Transplantation Rejection
• Multiple Sclerosis

A

DELAYED toxicity

119
Q

Corrosives and irritants act locally

A

LOCAL toxicity

120
Q

Little goes systemic

A

SYSTEMIC toxicity

121
Q

affects specific site (site of absorption)

A

Local toxin

122
Q

affects the entire body or many organs

A

Systemic toxin

123
Q

Tetraethyl lead - CNS effect. This is an example of

A

Systemic toxicity

124
Q

a drug has a major toxicity to one or two organs

A

Target organ

125
Q

Target organ of lead

A

soft tissues of the brain

126
Q

combined effect is the same as the sum of effects when given alone

A

Additive

127
Q

1 + 1 = 2

A

Additive

128
Q

● Alcohol + Benzodiazepine

A

Additive

129
Q

Organophosphates + nerve gases

A

Additive

130
Q

combined effects are much greater than the sum of effects when given alone

A

Synergistic

131
Q

1 + 1 = 3

A

Synergistic

132
Q

Pyrethroids + piperonyl butoxide(PBO)

A

Synergistic

133
Q

● Carbon tetrachloride (hepatotoxic) + ethanol (hepatotoxic)

A

Synergistic

134
Q

● Alcohol (hepatotoxic) + Acetaminophen (hepatotoxic)

A

Synergistic

135
Q

exposure to a chemical with no toxicity increases the toxicity of another compound

A

Potentiation

136
Q

1 + 0 = 2

A

Potentiation

137
Q

● Isopropanol (no liver damage) + Carbon tetrachloride (causes liver damage)

A

Potentiation

138
Q

co-administration of two chemicals interferes with the toxicity of both or one of them

A

Antagonism

139
Q

1+1=0

A

Antagonism

140
Q

Basis for antidotes

A

Antagonism

141
Q

● Oral anticoagulants- Vit. K
● Venom - antivenom
● Alcohol overdose - caffeine

A

Antagonism

142
Q

Type of antagonism:
Chemicals counterbalance each other by exerting opposite effects on a physiological function.

A

Functional

143
Q

Type of antagonism:
chemical counterbalance affecting different receptors

A

Functional

144
Q

Type of antagonism:
Chemical reaction between two compounds leads to less of the toxic compound.

A

Chemical (or inactivation)

145
Q

e.g. Antivenins-An antitoxin active against the venom of a snake, spider, or other venomous animal or insect

A

Chemical (or inactivation)

146
Q

An antitoxin active against the venom of a snake, spider, or other venomous animal or insect.

A

Antivenins

147
Q

Via what reaction is done during chemical antagonism?

A

Neutralization

148
Q

BAL means

A

British Anti-Lewisite

149
Q

Type of antagonism:
Disposition of toxic chemical is changed so that concentration and/or duration is diminished.

A

Dispositional

150
Q

Type of antagonism:
Chemicals compete for the same receptor, decreasing effective binding of toxic compound.

A

Receptor

151
Q

Naloxone and morphine

A

Receptor antagonism (Competitive)

152
Q

Tamoxifen and estradiol

A

Receptor Antagonism

153
Q

DOC for breast cancer

A

Tamoxifen

154
Q

Once a partial agonist is combined with a pure agonist, it automatically becomes _________

A

Antagonist

155
Q

A state of decreased responsiveness due to a prior exposure to the same or a structurally similar chemical in an individual.

A

TOLERANCE

156
Q

A decreased amount of chemical reaches the site where the effect is produced.

A

Dispositional Tolerance

157
Q

Same amount of chemical reaches the site, but target receptor response decreased

A

Receptor Tolerance

158
Q

Ability of the organism (bacteria, virus, fungi) to withstand the effects of drugs that are usually effective against them.

A

RESISTANCE

159
Q

A change in the susceptibility to a chemical at the population level.

A

RESISTANCE

160
Q

A selective process (evolution) by which sensitive individuals do not survive and only those with a genetic trait that accommodates the chemical survive.

A

RESISTANCE

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