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Religion > Introduction to the Old Testament (Christine Hayes) > Flashcards

Introduction to the Old Testament (Christine Hayes) Flashcards

1
Q

From what text is the Babylonian Creation Myth derived?

A

Enuma Elish

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2
Q

Who introduced the revolutionary monotheism model?

A

Yehezkel Kaufmann

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3
Q

What was Kaufmann’s name for the domain prior to or above the gods in pagan religion?

A

Metadivine realm

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4
Q

According to Hayes, how does Near Eastern Mythology differ from Genesis in its portrayal of humanity?

A

Humans aren’t the pinnacle or purpose of creation, no stewardship of the world.

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5
Q

What does ‘Adam’ mean?

A

the adam (note definite article i.e. not a name) - the earthling.

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6
Q

How does the second creation myth of Genesis portray gender?

A

No implications of inequality - Eve created from side rather than head or foot.

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7
Q

How many times does the word ‘good’ appear in Genesis?

A

7, an example of leitwort (10 is also common)

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8
Q

How should “in the beginning” be translated?

A

Something like “When God began creating the world.” or “When on high” (cf. Enuma Elish)

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9
Q

What is the significance of “and there is darkness in the face of deep”

A

The Hebrew word ‘Tehom’ is a cognate of the Sumerian ‘Tiam’ - one of many explicit references to the Enuma Elish (e.g. Psalm 74:12-17, Isaiah 51:9-10).

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10
Q

What does Genesis 1 say about diet?

A

Vegetarianism, and no competition with animals for food (Genesis 1:29-30).

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11
Q

Who was the most important early Biblical archaeologist?

A

Edward Robinson - known for identifying sites with Biblical locations by correlating modern Arabic names e.g. Bethel.

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12
Q

Tree of knowledge…

A

of good and evil. Contrast from tree of life, which has Near Eastern precedents. Apple imagery comes from Latin ‘malum’ homonymy..

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13
Q

How are ‘Yahweh’ and ‘Elohim’ translated?

A

‘Lord’ and ‘God’, respectively.

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14
Q

What right does God give Noah declined to Abraham?

A

Taking of animal life.

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15
Q

How do Genesis 1 and Genesis 2 compare in portrayal of God?

A

Genesis 1 is abstract, Genesis 2 is anthropomorphic.

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16
Q

Why is Genesis 13:7 famous?

A

“The Canaanites and Perrizites were then dwelling in the land”, even though they were still dwelling there in Moses’ time.

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17
Q

Who began the modern critical study of the Bible?

A

Spinoza.

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18
Q

Who first emphasised Biblical contradictions and errors and denied Mosaic authorship?

A

Richard Simon.

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19
Q

Where was the Documentary Hypothesis first proposed?

A

Wellhausen’s ‘The History of Israel’ (1878).

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20
Q

What do Genesis 7:17 and 7:24 say?

A

Different things about the length of the flood (40 days or 150)?

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21
Q

How many animals of each kind?

A

Either two (Genesis 6:20) or two for unclean and fourteen for clean (Genesis 7:2-3).

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22
Q

What did Herman Gunkel do?

A

Attempted to analyse J, E, D and P to discover the pre-literary stages of their development.

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23
Q

What is significant about Numbers 21:14, Joshua 10:13 and 2 Samuel 10:18?

A

They quote from otherwise unattested books (‘Book of the Wars of the Lord’, ‘Book of Jasher’) in ways that imply readers are expected to know them.

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24
Q

What was Gunkel’s approach called?

A

Form criticism.

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25
What are etiological stories?
Legends explaining names, rituals and/or institutions.
26
What is tradition criticism?
Focuses on stages of text transmission until its present form, growing out of form criticism.
27
What do 1 and 2 Chronicles do?
Retell and work material of Genesis through 2 Kings, "clean[ing] up the embarrassing moments".
28
What does Ezekiel do?
"interesting things with some of the legal material that we find in Leviticus".
29
Why is William F. Albright famous?
Leading figure in 20th century American Biblical Archaeology.
30
What are the Bible's favourite ideal numbers?
Five, seven, ten (generations from Adam to Noah and Noah to Abraham).
31
What is Nahum Sarna's perspective on the Jewish patriarchs?
That their status as foreigners in Canaan, alleged kinship with the Aramaeans, and their violations of later norms (e.g. Jacob married to Leah and Rebecca simultaneously) implies some historicity.
32
What sites did the Albright school point to in advocating Patriarchal historicity?
Nuzi (barren wives should provide maidservants) and Mari (names Benamin, Laban, Ishmael).
33
What are the two types of covenant?
Suzerainty covenants and parity covenants.
34
What is surprising about the Abrahamic covenant in Genesis 12 and 15?
Its unilateral nature i.e. only God has obligations.
35
What happens in Genesis 17?
The Abrahamic covenant is repeated, this time by P, adding the circumcision obligation.
36
What is distinctive about Israelite circumcision?
Practiced on infants, not as a rite of passage.
37
What chapter covers the Binding of Isaac?
Genesis 22.
38
How does Abraham's character differ between the stories of Sodom and Gomorrah and the Binding of Isaac?
In the latter he's much less questioning of God.
39
How does Michael Coogan interpret the Yabbok River episode?
An adaptation of traditions of river gods, trolls or ogres.
40
What does 'Yisrael' mean?
"One who wrestles, who struggles with God".
41
To which source is most of Genesis 12-50 usually assigned?
J.
42
What does Deuteronomy 21:15-17 say?
- "If a man has two wives, one loved, and the other unloved, and both the loved and the unloved have borne him sons, but the first-born is the son of the unloved one — / when he wills his property to his sons, he may not treat as first-born the son of the loved one in disregard of the son of the unloved one who is older." - Exactly what Abraham does to Ishmael, Isaac to Esau and Jacob to Joseph's brothers.
43
What do the first fifteen chapters of Exodus describe?
The story of Israel in Egypt, including Moses' career there.
44
What do Exodus 15:22 - Exodus 18 describe?
The journey to Sinai.
45
What happens in Exodus 19-24?
The theophany and the Mosaic covenant.
46
What happens in Exodus 25-40?
- Instructions on building and erection of the tabernacle (26-31, 33-40). - The golden calf (32).
47
To whom is the Exodus attributed?
Mostly J, with excerpts from E and legal/ritual material from P.
48
What year does the Merneptah Stele date to?
1204 BC.
49
The Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt came from which ethnic group?
The Hyksos (Semites).
50
When did Ramses II reign?
1279 - 1213 BC.
51
How long were the Jews in Egypt.
Four generations (Levi was Moses' great grandfather) according to Exodus 6:16-20 or 430 years according to Exodus 12:40-41 (this would make the Exodus 480 years before Solomon built the temple, and the Bible likes multiples of 12).
52
Who are the 'Apiru (Habiru)?
A variously described people mentioned in Near Eastern texts, some link them with the Hebrews.
53
Where does the name 'Moses' come from?
Probably egyptian (Thutmosis, Ramses etc.). Exodus 2:10 etymology possibly invented to hide that.
54
Where does the name 'Yahweh' come from?
Third person version of "I am that I am" (Exodus 3:14).
55
What does Exodus 6:2-4 say?
He didn't tell his name (Yahweh) to the Patriarchs, contradicting Genesis 4:26.
56
What do the Ugaritic texts tell us about?
The Canaanite pantheon, in a language very close to Biblical Hebrew. Canaanite El very close to Patriarchal God e.g. "Father of all creatures", "Bull", "King", "God of the father".
57
How do names change after Moses?
Switch from 'El' (Ishmael, Israel) to 'Yah' or 'Yahu' (Eliyahu).
58
How is Yahweh similar to Baal?
- Rides on the clouds. | - Revelations accompanied by thunderstorms and earthquakes.
59
How does Mark S. Smith describe the transition to monotheism?
"Convergence and differentiation" - explains similarities with Canaanites and polemics against them.
60
How should the Israelites and Cananites be understood?
A civil war between Yahweh-only Israelites and Israelites who continue their ancestors' cult worship.
61
How should 'Yam Suph' be translated?
Reed Sea (not Red Sea).
62
What is the Song of the Sea?
Poem describing the parting of the Reed Sea, with an archaic linguistic style. Use of 'drowning' seems metaphorical.
63
What change does Michael Coogan note in Caananite religion between 1500 and 1200 BC?
Replacement of El by Baal after the latter defeats a watery foe.
64
Who noted six similarities between Hittite treaties and the Mosaic covenant?
Jon Levenson.
65
What is noteworthy about the blessings and curses in Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28?
Almost word for word resemblance to 677 Assyrian treaty.
66
What is the significance of Jean Astruc (1684-1766)?
First to distinguish J from E.
67
What does Leviticus 1-7 cover?
The sacrificial system.
68
Leviticus 8-10?
Aaron as high priest.
69
Leviticus 11-15?
The dietary system.
70
Leviticus 16?
Procedure on Day of Atonement.
71
Leviticus 17-26?
"Holiness code" (H instead of P).
72
What distinguishes the Israelite sanctuary?
No statue of the deity.
73
What does the word translated as 'holy' mean?
Separate.
74
How is the Israelite conception of 'holiness' best understood for space and time?
Concentric circles, decreasing with distance from the centre.
75
Etymology of 'holiday'?
Holy day.
76
How does Klawans interpret Israelite ritual purification?
Separating the least God-like aspects of humanity (death, sex) - 'imitatio dei'.
77
What are the two types of impurity?
Moral and ritual.
78
In terms of authorship, how does Biblical law distinguish itself from Near Eastern codes?
Claims to be from God, not Hammurabi, Ur-Nammu etc.
79
Translate 'Lex Talionis'
Latin for 'eye for an eye' (Leviticus 24:17-22).
80
What does Hammurabi prescribe death for?
Theft, assisting slave escape, cheating customers over drink prices.
81
What does the Torah prescribe death for?
- Intentional homicide. | - "certain religious and sexual offences".
82
Numbers 35:31-34
You may not accept a ransom for the life of a murderer who is guilty of a capitol crime; he must be put to death. Nor may you accept ransom in lieu of flight to a city of refuge".
83
How does Eve know they are prohibited to eat from the tree?
Not stated - could have been God or Adam who told her.
84
Who is Esarhaddon?
Assyrian Emperor (681-669) who conquered Egypt. His vassal treaties were used as a model for Deuteronomy according to Moshe Weinfeld - the curses match up nearly word for word
85
Archaeology of Joshua's conquests?
- Only 2 of the 20 allegedly conquered cities show destruction layers - Jericho wouldn't even have had walls. - New 13th century cities materially entirely Canaanite. - Merneptah stele shows they were in Canaan by 1204.
86
Three models for emergence of Israeli nation-state?
- Immigration in wake of Bronze Age collapse - Internal revolt (Canaanite letters to Pharaoh complaining about Habiru) - Canaanites who developed their own identity, who knows why.
87
Who is Rahab?
Canaanite prostitute who delivers Jericho into Joshua's hands.
88
What nationality was Delilah?
Philistine, at least we think.
89
What does 'messiah' mean?
Annointed.
90
What lost texts does Kings mention?
- Acts of Solomon - Annals of the Kings of Israel - Annals of the Kings of Judah
91
When did Jerusalem become a major town?
After the fall of Israel in 722.
92
What is the primary focus of the story of Solomon?
Building the temple.
93
How many wives did Solomon have?
700, along with 300 concubines.
94
When did Solomon die?
922.
95
Who is the first king named outside the Bible?
Omri (Israel, 884-873) in the Meshe Stele (aka Moabite Stone) and Black Obelisk of Shalmeneser.
96
Who are the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel?
Governors and merchants carried off into Mesopotamia after Sargon II's conquest.
97
Who are the Samaritans?
Those who stayed behind after 722.
98
What two tribes was Judah composed of?
Judah and Benjamin.
99
What is an 'apostle' (as in 'apostolic prophet')?
A messenger.
100
Where is the story of Micaiah found?
1 Kings 22.
101
Where are the Elijah stories (contest w/ Baal and Asherah prophets) found?
1 Kings 17-19, 21.
102
Literary features of Amos
- Editorial notes at the start - Compilation of various materials - Claims authority from "the call" - Literary forms: oracle against the nations, riv, hymns.
103
Themes of Amos
- Decay of the period - Primacy of morality (perhaps over the cult) - Moralistic historiosophy
104
What covenant does Isaiah emphasise?
Davidic - focuses more on failures of kings than violations of the nation, believes Zion inviolable.
105
What covenant is emphasised by Amos and Hosea?
Mosaic.
106
What is the initial call in Isaiah 6?
Prevent the people from understanding, lest they repent and save themselves.
107
How do the prophets differ from J and D in terms of other nations' relationship to God?
- J: everyone once knew God and turned away from him. - D: Yahweh is Israel's God. - Prophets: God will make himself known to all the nations. Israel was not an undeserved choice (Torah), but the instrument of universal redemption.
108
From where will the Messiah come, according to Isaiah?
The Stump of Jesse (11:1-16)
109
What does Isaiah prophesy to Ahaz (7:4-14)?
A young woman will bear him a son called Immanuel. In the Septuagint the translation for "young woman" could also mean "virgin", hence Matthew 1:22-23.
110
Which prophet upholds the inviolability of Zion?
Isaiah.
111
Which version of Jeremiah is the longer?
Masoretic, LXX much shorter.
112
Which prophet has close linguistic and ideological connections with the Deuteronomistic historian?
Jeremiah.
113
What time limit does Jeremiah set on the restoration?
70 years.
114
What is interesting about Jeremiah 31:31-34?
Seems to express dissatisfaction w/ free will.
115
When can we start using words like 'Judaism'?
After the exile, w/ Jeremiah's new covenant saying that you can be faithful to YHWH in an idolatrous land.

Religion (5 decks)

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