Introduction to the Nervous system

Question 1

Name for skull minus mandible?

Answer 1

Cranium

Question 2

Order of the thyroid, oesophagus and trachea from anterior to posterior?

Answer 2

Thyroid

Trachea

Oesophagus

Question 3

Multipolar typically have many of what sturcture? They have just one of what structure?

Answer 3

Dendrites - extensive dendritic tree

A single axon

Question 4

Bipolar have how many Dendrites and Axons, at opposite poles?

Answer 4

1 axon and 1 Dendrite

Question 5

Unipolar neurones have one of what structure, biforcating into central forms?

Answer 5

Axon

Question 6

Unipolar (pseudo bipolar) neurones have no true what?

Answer 6

Dendrites

Question 7

Dorsal root ganglion neurones are an example of what type of neurone?

Why is this?

Answer 7

Unipolar neurone

Because these neurones are sensory and are only required to “sense” from one location,which is then transmitted back via the axon to the CNS.

Question 8

Cranial nerve neuronal bodies are found in what structure?

Answer 8

Motor nuclei of the brain stem

Question 9

Name 4 types of glia cells in the CNS

Answer 9

Ependymal cells

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Astrocytes

Question 10

name the two types of peripheral glial cells

Answer 10

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

Question 11

Function of ependymal cells, where are they found

Answer 11

Line brain cavities (such as ventricles)

important for synthesis of CSF

Question 12

Functions of oligodendrocytes

Answer 12

Generate myelin in the CNS

Question 13

Function of microglia

Answer 13

Immune cells in the CNS (macrophages)

Question 14

Function of astrocytes

Answer 14

• Contribute to formation of BBB
• important sources of neurotransmitters
• Metabolic and mechanical support to neurones

Question 15

function of Satellite cells

Answer 15

• Provide support to neuronal in ganglia (sensory + automatic), physically surround them

Question 16

function of Schwan cells

Answer 16

Myelinated nerves in the periphery

Question 17

The foremen that allows passage of the spinal cord in the skull is ?

Answer 17

Foramen Magnum

Question 18

What is the function of the motor cortex of the cerebrum?

Answer 18

responsible for voluntary control of movements, carrying signals to the lower motor neurones.

Question 19

Function of premolar cortex

Answer 19

Involved in the planning of voluntary movements

Question 20

What is a sulcus?

Answer 20

A “dip” or “crevice” on the cerebral surface

Question 21

What is a gyri on the cerebrum?

Answer 21

A ridge

Gy”ri” for “ridge”

Question 22

What is meant by a nuclei?

Answer 22

Bundle of nerve bodies in the CNS

Question 23

What is meant be ganglia?

Answer 23

Bundle of nerve bodies in the PNS

Question 24

Explain the difference between ganglia and nuclei

Answer 24

Nuclei are bundles of nerve bodies in the CNS

Ganglia are bundles of nerve bodies in the PNS

Question 25

What are ascending tracts?

Answer 25

Group of axons that transmit information from the periphery to brain

Question 26

What are descending tracts?

Answer 26

Groups of axons that transmit information from the brain to the periphery

Question 27

There are two major motor (or descending) tracts. name them

Answer 27

Pyramidal Extrapyramidal

Question 28

Tracts are in which matter of the spinal cord?

Answer 28

White

Question 29

State the function of pyramidal tracts

Answer 29

* Responsible for the voluntary control of muscles of body

Question 30

Where do pyramidal tracts originate from? Where do they carry motor fibres to?

Answer 30

* Cerebral cortex * The brain stem and spinal cord i

Question 31

What structure delineates the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 31

Longitudinal Fissure

Question 32

Alternate name for pyramidal tract?

Answer 32

Corticospinal tract

Question 33

Name major structures that the coritcospinal tract passes through to reach the spinal cord

Answer 33

Internal capsule Midbrain Pons Medulla Finally

Question 34

What part of the cortex do the fibres of pyramidal tract begin? What important neurological area is found in this area?

Answer 34

Precenrtal gyrus Motor cortex For clarification, the precentral gyrus is the anatomical location of the **motor Cortex**

Question 35

Brocas area antomical location? (as much detail as possible)

Answer 35

Frontal lobe - specifically in the inferior frontal gyrus Immediately anterior to the primary motor cortex Immediately above the sylvian fissure

Question 36

Broca's area function

Answer 36

Producing the motor aspect of speech, and possibly writing

Question 37

Lesion in broca's area leads to clinical presentation known as **expressive aphasia**. State clinical presentation

Answer 37

* Loss of ability to form coherent speech * Ability to comprehend remains intact

Question 38

Brain structures are said to be contralateral, what does this mean?

Answer 38

The hemispheres both control structures on the opposite of the body, from both a sensory and motor perspective.

Question 39

State the anatomical location of the primary cortex, giving as many details as possible

Answer 39

* Frontal lobe, on the postcentral gyrus * Anterior to central sulcus (and somatosensory cortex)

Question 40

Assuming the cause is neurological, a right sided weakness suggests a problem in which side of the brain?

Answer 40

Left

Question 41

A patient has right sided weakness, along with lack of motor speech. This suggests there is a problem with which side of the brain?

Answer 41

Left

Question 42

Broca's area is generaly in which side of the patient's brain?

Answer 42

Left

Question 43

Which sulcus deliniates the front and parietal cortex?

Answer 43

Central sulcus

Question 44

Right sided weakness, but not in leg, along with aphasia. Using knowledge of blood supply to brain, what blood vessel is likely affected?

Answer 44

Left branch of middle cerebral artery

Question 45

Multiple sclerosis affects which nervous system primarily?

Answer 45

CNS

Question 46

Name a conditonwhere a single lesion would not be able to expain the patient's symptoms and signs

Answer 46

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 47

Describe multiple sclerosis, and state symptoms

Answer 47

* Autoimmune disorder that attacks myelin sheaths in the CNS * partial loss of vision * double vision * sensory changes (numbness) * Motor symptoms (weakness,ataxia)

Question 48

What is ataxia?

Answer 48

Loss of muscle control/coordination

Question 49

If a spinal nerve is injured, where would you expect the pathology to be?

Answer 49

* Wherever these spinal nerves contribute fibres to motor, sensory or sympathetic fibres in the periphery

Question 50

If a peripheral nerve is injured, where would you expect the lesion to be?

Answer 50

The motor/sensory areas for that particular nerve fibre.

Question 52

Origins of the sympathetic preganglionic neurones?

Answer 52

* Lateral grey horns

Question 53

Primary locations of the sympathetic post ganglionic neurones?

Answer 53

Sympathetic ganglia (lie on either side of the vertebral column) Collateral ganglia (also known as a preverterbral ganglia, are anterior to the vertebral bodies) The Adrrenal medulle (when these neurones are activated, they release neurotransmitters into the blood stream, not at a synapse

Question 54

What root would you find the sympathetic fibres in?

Answer 54

Ventral roots

Question 55

What structure from the ventral ramus carries sympathetic, preganglionic fibres into the sympathetic chain ganlia?

Answer 55

The white ramus fibres

Question 56

The post ganglionic nerve fibre is leaving the sympathetic ganglion. Where is it now going?

Answer 56

If it is fibres that control visceral effectors in the body wall, head, neck or limbs it enters the **Grey ramus.** If it is fibres that cntrol syrtcures such as the thoracic caviy, they form structrues known as "sympathetic nerves".

Question 57

State the length of autonomic, pre and post ganglionic fibres

Answer 57

Sympathetic Pre: Short Sympathetic Post: Long Para pre: Long: Para post: Short

Question 58

State the origins of the parasympathetic system

Answer 58

* CN 3,7,9 and 10 * S2,S3,S4

Question 59

Where would you expect to find the post ganglionic parasympathetic neurones?

Answer 59

Located near or in the walls of the respective viscera, rather than ganglia as in the sympathetic system.