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HNN - Week 1 > Introduction to the Nervous system > Flashcards

Introduction to the Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Name for skull minus mandible?

A

Cranium

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2
Q

Order of the thyroid, oesophagus and trachea from anterior to posterior?

A

Thyroid

Trachea

Oesophagus

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3
Q

Multipolar typically have many of what sturcture? They have just one of what structure?

A

Dendrites - extensive dendritic tree

A single axon

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4
Q

Bipolar have how many Dendrites and Axons, at opposite poles?

A

1 axon and 1 Dendrite

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5
Q

Unipolar neurones have one of what structure, biforcating into central forms?

A

Axon

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6
Q

Unipolar (pseudo bipolar) neurones have no true what?

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

Dorsal root ganglion neurones are an example of what type of neurone?

Why is this?

A

Unipolar neurone

Because these neurones are sensory and are only required to “sense” from one location,which is then transmitted back via the axon to the CNS.

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8
Q

Cranial nerve neuronal bodies are found in what structure?

A

Motor nuclei of the brain stem

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9
Q

Name 4 types of glia cells in the CNS

A

Ependymal cells

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Astrocytes

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10
Q

name the two types of peripheral glial cells

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

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11
Q

Function of ependymal cells, where are they found

A

Line brain cavities (such as ventricles)

important for synthesis of CSF

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12
Q

Functions of oligodendrocytes

A

Generate myelin in the CNS

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13
Q

Function of microglia

A

Immune cells in the CNS (macrophages)

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14
Q

Function of astrocytes

A
  • Contribute to formation of BBB
  • important sources of neurotransmitters
  • Metabolic and mechanical support to neurones
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15
Q

function of Satellite cells

A
  • Provide support to neuronal in ganglia (sensory + automatic), physically surround them
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16
Q

function of Schwan cells

A

Myelinated nerves in the periphery

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17
Q

The foremen that allows passage of the spinal cord in the skull is ?

A

Foramen Magnum

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18
Q

What is the function of the motor cortex of the cerebrum?

A

responsible for voluntary control of movements, carrying signals to the lower motor neurones.

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19
Q

Function of premolar cortex

A

Involved in the planning of voluntary movements

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20
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A “dip” or “crevice” on the cerebral surface

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21
Q

What is a gyri on the cerebrum?

A

A ridge

Gy”ri” for “ridge”

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22
Q

What is meant by a nuclei?

A

Bundle of nerve bodies in the CNS

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23
Q

What is meant be ganglia?

A

Bundle of nerve bodies in the PNS

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24
Q

Explain the difference between ganglia and nuclei

A

Nuclei are bundles of nerve bodies in the CNS

Ganglia are bundles of nerve bodies in the PNS

25
Q

What are ascending tracts?

A

Group of axons that transmit information from the periphery to brain

26
Q

What are descending tracts?

A

Groups of axons that transmit information from the brain to the periphery

27
Q

There are two major motor (or descending) tracts. name them

A

Pyramidal

Extrapyramidal

28
Q

Tracts are in which matter of the spinal cord?

A

White

29
Q

State the function of pyramidal tracts

A
  • Responsible for the voluntary control of muscles of body
30
Q

Where do pyramidal tracts originate from? Where do they carry motor fibres to?

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • The brain stem and spinal cord i
31
Q

What structure delineates the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal Fissure

32
Q

Alternate name for pyramidal tract?

A

Corticospinal tract

33
Q

Name major structures that the coritcospinal tract passes through to reach the spinal cord

A

Internal capsule

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

Finally

34
Q

What part of the cortex do the fibres of pyramidal tract begin? What important neurological area is found in this area?

A

Precenrtal gyrus

Motor cortex

For clarification, the precentral gyrus is the anatomical location of the motor Cortex

35
Q

Brocas area antomical location? (as much detail as possible)

A

Frontal lobe - specifically in the inferior frontal gyrus

Immediately anterior to the primary motor cortex

Immediately above the sylvian fissure

36
Q

Broca’s area function

A

Producing the motor aspect of speech, and possibly writing

37
Q

Lesion in broca’s area leads to clinical presentation known as expressive aphasia. State clinical presentation

A
  • Loss of ability to form coherent speech
  • Ability to comprehend remains intact
38
Q

Brain structures are said to be contralateral, what does this mean?

A

The hemispheres both control structures on the opposite of the body, from both a sensory and motor perspective.

39
Q

State the anatomical location of the primary cortex, giving as many details as possible

A
  • Frontal lobe, on the postcentral gyrus
  • Anterior to central sulcus (and somatosensory cortex)
40
Q

Assuming the cause is neurological, a right sided weakness suggests a problem in which side of the brain?

A

Left

41
Q

A patient has right sided weakness, along with lack of motor speech. This suggests there is a problem with which side of the brain?

A

Left

42
Q

Broca’s area is generaly in which side of the patient’s brain?

A

Left

43
Q

Which sulcus deliniates the front and parietal cortex?

A

Central sulcus

44
Q

Right sided weakness, but not in leg, along with aphasia. Using knowledge of blood supply to brain, what blood vessel is likely affected?

A

Left branch of middle cerebral artery

45
Q

Multiple sclerosis affects which nervous system primarily?

A

CNS

46
Q

Name a conditonwhere a single lesion would not be able to expain the patient’s symptoms and signs

A

Multiple Sclerosis

47
Q

Describe multiple sclerosis, and state symptoms

A
  • Autoimmune disorder that attacks myelin sheaths in the CNS
  • partial loss of vision
  • double vision
  • sensory changes (numbness)
  • Motor symptoms (weakness,ataxia)
48
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Loss of muscle control/coordination

49
Q

If a spinal nerve is injured, where would you expect the pathology to be?

A
  • Wherever these spinal nerves contribute fibres to motor, sensory or sympathetic fibres in the periphery
50
Q

If a peripheral nerve is injured, where would you expect the lesion to be?

A

The motor/sensory areas for that particular nerve fibre.

51
Q
A
52
Q

Origins of the sympathetic preganglionic neurones?

A
  • Lateral grey horns
53
Q

Primary locations of the sympathetic post ganglionic neurones?

A

Sympathetic ganglia (lie on either side of the vertebral column)

Collateral ganglia (also known as a preverterbral ganglia, are anterior to the vertebral bodies)

The Adrrenal medulle (when these neurones are activated, they release neurotransmitters into the blood stream, not at a synapse

54
Q

What root would you find the sympathetic fibres in?

A

Ventral roots

55
Q

What structure from the ventral ramus carries sympathetic, preganglionic fibres into the sympathetic chain ganlia?

A

The white ramus fibres

56
Q

The post ganglionic nerve fibre is leaving the sympathetic ganglion. Where is it now going?

A

If it is fibres that control visceral effectors in the body wall, head, neck or limbs it enters the Grey ramus.

If it is fibres that cntrol syrtcures such as the thoracic caviy, they form structrues known as “sympathetic nerves”.

57
Q

State the length of autonomic, pre and post ganglionic fibres

A

Sympathetic Pre: Short

Sympathetic Post: Long

Para pre: Long:

Para post: Short

58
Q

State the origins of the parasympathetic system

A
  • CN 3,7,9 and 10
  • S2,S3,S4
59
Q

Where would you expect to find the post ganglionic parasympathetic neurones?

A

Located near or in the walls of the respective viscera, rather than ganglia as in the sympathetic system.

HNN - Week 1 (4 decks)

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