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HNN - Week 1 > HNN Spinal Cord > Flashcards

HNN Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Which sections of the spinal cord demonstrate Lordosis?

A

Cervical and Lumbar

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2
Q

What sections of the spinal cord demonstrate Kyphosis?

A

Thoracic, Sacral

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3
Q
A

1) not important
2) Body
3) Lamina
4) Superior Articular Process
5) Transverse process
6) Spinous Process
7) Body
8) Vertebral foramen
9) Costal facet
10) Lamina

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4
Q

What structure does the spinal cord pass through in the vertebrae?

A

Vertebral foramen

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5
Q

State the branching process of a spinal nerve, using the 8th cervical nerve as an example. Start with the anterior and posterior roots.

A
  • The anterior and posterior roots emerge from the spinal cord
  • The posterior (sensory) root then gives rise to the spinal ganglion
  • The anterior root then merges with the ganglion, merging to form the spinal nerve
  • The spinal then seems to give off a branch which is the posterior rami of the spinal nerve, leaving the main major part of the nerve which is the Anterior Ramus of the spinal nerve
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6
Q

Underneath what sturcture of the vertebral body would you expect the dorsal and ventral ramus to fuse

A

The Pedicles

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7
Q

What type of joint is between the articular facets of the spinal cord?

A

Synovial

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8
Q

State the number of spinal nerves for each section

A

Cervical 8

Thoracic 12

lumbar 5

Sacral 5

Coccygeal 1

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9
Q

Which group of spinal nerves travel OVER their respective spinal vertebrae?

A

Cervical

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10
Q

What group of spinal nerves travel under their respective vertebrae?

A

T, L, S, Co.

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11
Q

What structure deliniates the spinal cord from the brain?

A

The medulla

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12
Q

What vertebrae are the typical marks for a new-born infant with regards to the end of the spinal cord?

A
  • L3/L4
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13
Q

Where does the spinal cord end (vertebrally) in an adult?

A

L1/L2

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14
Q

What embyrological structure is the precusor to the dorsal horn in the spinal cord?

A
  • Alar plate
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15
Q

What embyrological structure is the precusor to the ventral horn?

A

Basal Plate

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16
Q

The butterfly shape in the spinal cord is which matter?

A

The GREY matter

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17
Q

The part of the spinal cord that surrounds the butterfly is what matter?

A

White matter

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18
Q

The grey matter has 3 divisions - also known as horns. State them

A

Posterior

Intermediate

Anterior

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19
Q

State the function of the neurones in the anterior spinal cord

A

Motor function

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20
Q

State the function of the neurones in the posterior grey horn

A

Sensory

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21
Q

State functions of the neurones in the lateral horn

A

Sympathetic funcion and parasymapthetic function

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22
Q

What is the name of the white matter between the dorsal horns?

A

Dorsal funniculus

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23
Q

What is the function of dorsal funniculus?

A

Primarily contains sensory pathways - those associated with light touch and pressure

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24
Q

What is the functin of the lateral funiculus?

A

Primarily contains the motor pathways

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25
Q

What is the function of the ventral funiculus?

A

Primarily motor but also pain and temperature pathways

26
Q

Which region of the spinal cord has the largest ratio of grey to white matter?

A

Sacral

27
Q

At which level does the spinal cord display a lateral lorn adjacent to the intermediate horn?

A

Thoracic

28
Q

State the layers of meninges from most superficial to deep

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid Mater

Pia Mater

29
Q

State the two main functions of the meninges

A
  • Mechanical support
  • Framework for blood vessels.
30
Q

The dura mater has two layers - state them

A
  • Periosteal layer
  • meningeal layer
31
Q

What important vasuclature is located between the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Venous sinuses

32
Q

The arachnoid mater is peripheral to the pia mater. What space separates them?

A

Subarachnoid space

33
Q

What space would you find the CSF?

A

Subarachnoid Space

34
Q

The endosteum is continous with the bone of the skull, but how is it found in the spinal canal?

A

Distant from the bone, space filled with fat and blood vessels. (side of epidural analgesic.

35
Q

In the spinal canal, what is the name of the space between the bone and the dura?

A

Epidrual space

36
Q

Blood supply for dura mater?

A

Middle meningeal artery (from maxillary artery, maxillary artery, external carotid artery, common carotid)

37
Q

Nerve supply for dura?

A

Trigeminal nerve (V1, 2 and 3)

38
Q

What is the blood supply and nerve supply for the arachnoid mater?

A

None, avascualr

39
Q

Special projections extend from the arachnoid mater extend into the dura mater to allow CSF to re-enter the circulation. What are these projections called?

A

Granulations

40
Q

Is the Pia mater vascularised?

A

yes

41
Q

What structure secretes the CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

42
Q

The composition of CSF is highly regulated, and it directly interacts with what?

A

Brain extracellular fluid - thereby helping regulte the ion composition of the BECF - important for action potentials.

43
Q

Which regions of the brain is the choroid plexus?

A

The ventricles. Each ventricle contains a choroid plexus and is filled with CSF.

44
Q

Volume of CSF made per day?

A

500ml

45
Q

Total CSF at one time

A

140ml

46
Q

State functions of CSF

A

Metabolic support

Immunological support

Mechanical suppport

47
Q

State the arterial supply of the spinal cord

A

Anterior and posterior spinal arteries (vertebral arteries) - Note that anterior is only 1 but posterior 2

Bonus: Anterior and posterior segmental medullary arteries (small vessels which enter via the nerve loots) - These branch off from the intercostal arteries and anastamose with the anterior spinal arteries

48
Q

Name the largest spinal medullary artery

A

Artery of Adamkiewicz (can be damaged during aortic bypass graft surgery, causing damage to the spinal cord)

49
Q

State the venous supply for the spinal cord

A
  • 3 anterior and 3 psoterior spinal veins
50
Q

Whilst there are veins around the spinal cord directly, nerve plexus also are present in the epidural space. What is the plexus known as (between dura and bone)?

A

Vertebral venous Plexus (batsons plexus)

Note that this seems to exit bone in right and left of image, and anastamoses with other veins OUTSIDE the vertebrae

51
Q

Certain cancers can metastisize to the vertebral column via the vertebral venous plexues (batsons plexus). What type of cancer?

A

Prostatic. (or deep pelvic region cancers).

52
Q

How many thirds does the artery of Adamkiewicz supply of the spinal cord?

A

lower 1/3rd

53
Q

The spinal cord tapers down to a tip. What is the tip called?

A

Conus Meddularis

54
Q

Typically the conus medullaris can be found at L1/L2. However, various fibres continue to come out, what are these?

A

the dorsal and ventral roots that supply lower regions of the body.

55
Q

What are the dorsal and ventral roots that extend from the conus medullaris known as?

A

Cauda equina

56
Q

How far down does the dura mater extend down?

A

S2

57
Q

What is the name of the pia mater that continues to cover the spinal cord down to the coccyx?

A

Filum terminale

58
Q

What is the name of the “line” that can be drawn between the top of the iliac crests?

A

Supracristal line

59
Q

State reasons diagnostically you would withdraw CSF for lumbar puncture

A
  • Check for infection
  • Measure pressure
60
Q

State reasons theraputically that you would do a lumbar puncture

A

Administer antibiotics

Route for chemotherapy

61
Q

At what vertebral level would you expect the spinal cord to end in a child?

A

L2-L3

HNN - Week 1 (4 decks)

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