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Neuroanatomy > Introduction to the Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Gray matter?

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies

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2
Q

What is a nucleus of the gray matter?

A

A cluster of neuron cell bodies that are morphologically distinct from other neurons

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3
Q

What is a lamina of the gray matter?

A

layer or band of spinal cord made of gray matter

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4
Q

What are bodies of gray matter?

A

Usually nuclei (ex: geniculate bodies/nuclei of thalamus)

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5
Q

What is the cortex of gray matter?

A

Fray matter located on a surface (cerebral and cerebellar cortex)

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6
Q

What is white matter?

A

An aggregation of neuronal processes/axons

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7
Q

What is a tract of white matter?

A

A collection of neuronal fibers/ axons that are anatomicall yor functionally distinct

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8
Q

What is a fasciculus of white matter?

A

Bundle of axons/fibers, same as tract

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9
Q

What is a lemniscus of white matter?

A

Ribbon or band of axons/fibers, same as tract

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10
Q

What is a funiculus of white matter?

A

Cord or column of white matter in spinal cord that includes several fasciculi/tracts

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11
Q

What is the ascending fibers/axons of white matter?

A

Rostrally (up towards the nose), upstream or cranially

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12
Q

What is the descending fibers/axons white matter?

A

Caudally or downstream

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13
Q

Are there any nerves in the CNS?

A

No, nerves are found external to the CNS

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14
Q

What are the divisions of the central nervous system?

A

Spinal Cord
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum

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15
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

The part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum and cerebellum

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16
Q

What is the brainstem also referred to as?

A

Bulb or bulbar

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17
Q

Does the brainstem contain gray matter?

A

Yes it includes gray matter areas or nuclei

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18
Q

Does the brainstem contain white matter?

A

Yes, white matter includes ascending and descending tracts of fibers

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19
Q

What are the three divisions of the brainstem?

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

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20
Q

What are the gray matter areas of the medulla?

A

Inferior Olivary Nuclei

Cranial nerve nuclei

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21
Q

What are the inferior olivary nuclei?

A

Large nuclei
Paired nuclear complex (right and left)
Forms landmarks on the ventrolateral surface called olives

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22
Q

What are the cranial nerve nuclei of the medulla?

A

clusters of neurons that contribute fibers to or receive fibers from a cranial nerve

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23
Q

What cranial nerves are part of the cranial nerve nuclei of the medulla?

A 
XII
XI
X
IX
VIII (part of complex)
V (part of complex)
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24
Q

What are the white matter areas of the medulla?

A

Both ascending and descending fiber tracts

Medullary pyramids

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25
Q

What are medullary pyramids?

A

Paired (right and left)
Landmark structures on ventral surface
Comprised of descending fibers/axons

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26
Q

What are corticospinal fibers/axons?

A

Axons from cerebral cortex to spinal cord

Provide motor control

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27
Q

What are inferior cerebellar peduncles?

A

Restiform bodies

Paired structures that help attach the cerebellum to the medulla

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28
Q

What is a peduncle?

A

Stalk or stem

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29
Q

What is the function of inferior cerebellar peduncles?

A

Consists mostly of axons going to and from the cerebellum to and from the medulla

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30
Q

What are the two parts of the pons?

A

Dorsal pons = posterior part

Ventral pons = Basilar Pons (anterior part)

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31
Q

What matter does the dorsal pons consist of?

A 
Comprised of many gray and white matter areas including the cranial nerve nuclei of:
VIII (part of)
VII
VI
V (part of)
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32
Q

What matter make up the ventral pons?

A

White and Gray Matter

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33
Q

What are pontine nuclei ?

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies in the ventral pons

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34
Q

Which part of the pons are pontine nuclei found?

A

Ventral pons

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35
Q

What is the function of the pontine nuclei?

A
  • Receives input from neurons of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex
  • Projects axons to the contralateral side of the cerebellum
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36
Q

What forms the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

Project axons from the pontine nuclei that travel to the contralateral side of the cerebellum and connect the pons to the cerebellum

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37
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Most superior part of the brainstem

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38
Q

What does the midbrain consist of?

A

Has part of the brain ventricular system

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39
Q

What divides the midbrain into 2 portions?

A

The cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)

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40
Q

What are the two parts of the midbrain?

A

Dorsal Midbrain

Ventral Midbrain

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41
Q

What is the dorsal midbrain also known as?

A

Tectum or roof of the midbrain

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42
Q

What is included in the dorsal midbrain?

A

Includes 2 pair of nuclei, superior and inferior colliculi

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43
Q

What is the function of the neurons of the superior colliculi?

A

Concerned with coordinating certain reflexes in response to visual/auditory data

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44
Q

What is the function of the neurons of the inferior colliculi?

A

Involved in the conscious auditory pathway

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45
Q

What is the ventral midbrain formed by?

A

Formed by a pair of cerebral peduncles that include both white and gray matter

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46
Q

What nuclei does the of the ventral midbrain gray matter consist of?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei

Substatia nigra

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47
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei are part of the ventral midbrain?

A

III
IV
Part of V

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48
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A

motor control

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49
Q

What type of matter does the superior cerebellar peduncles consist of?

A

white matter

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50
Q

What does the white matter of the superior cerebellar peduncles do?

A

fibers connect cerebellum to midbrain and cerebrum

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51
Q

what makes up the cerebellar cortex?

A

most of the gray matter is distributed on the outer surface forming cerebellar cortex

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52
Q

how does the cortical surface of the cerebellum appear?

A

The coritcal surface is highly folded into a series of folia or leaf- like folds

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53
Q

What are the deep/subcortical cerebellar nuclei?

A

some gray matter (nuclei) that are embedded in the medullary center

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54
Q

What forms the center or medullary center of the cerebellum?

A

White matter

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55
Q

Which pairs of peduncles connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

inferior cerebellar peduncles
Middle cerebellar peduncles
superior cerebellar peduncles

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56
Q

what part does the inferior cerebellar peduncles connect on the brainstem?

A

cerebellum to medulla

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57
Q

what part does the middle cerebellar peduncles connect on the brainstem?

A

cerebellum to pons

58
Q

what part does the superior cerebellar peduncles connect on the brainstem?

A

cerebellum to midbrain

59
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Receives input from most sensory systems and cerebral cortex

  • influences the activity of skeletal muscle related to:
    1) posture
    2) equilibrium
    3) coordination/control of movements
60
Q

What two major parts make up the cerebrum?

A

Diencephalon

Telencephalon

61
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Forms the core of the cerebrum

Found in between the cerebral hemispheres

62
Q

what type of matter is the diencephalon made of?

A

mostly gray matter, with some white matter

63
Q

What separates the two halves of the diencephalon into left and right?

A

separated by the Third (III) ventricle

64
Q

What parts make up the diencephalon?

A

Hypothalamus
Thalamus
epithalamus
Subthalamus

65
Q

what is the thalamus?

A

a collection of neurons/nuclei

66
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A
  • relay most sensory information to the cerebral cortex
  • involved in motor pathways
  • influence other brain activity (behavior, emotions, consciousness)
67
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

below thalmus

68
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • A principle autonomic center of the brain; helps to control the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
  • helps to control the activity of the pitutiary gland (feeding behavior, temperature regulation, emotions, etc.)
69
Q

where is the epithalamus located?

A

above the thalamus

70
Q

What does the epithalamus include?

A

pineal gland

71
Q

Where is the subthalamus located?

A

under the thalamus and posterior to the hypothalamus

72
Q

what is the function of the subthalamus?

A

includes the subthalmic nucleus that is involved in motor pathways

73
Q

what is the telencephalon?

A

cerebral hemispheres

74
Q

what are the right and left cerebral hemispheres separated by?

A

longitudinal cerebral fissure

75
Q

what is the gray matter in the telencephalon organized as?

A

cerebral cortex

corpus striatum

76
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

made of mostly gray matter and covers the surface of each hemisphere

77
Q

What is the corpus striatum?

A

striped body

  • nuclei located deep in (at the base of) each hemisphere
  • important in motor control functions
78
Q

what is the white matter of the tenecephalon organized as?

A

Medullary center or core

79
Q

What three types of fibers comprise the medullary center (white matter)

A
  • association fibers/axons
  • commissural fibers
  • projection fibers
80
Q

what are association fibers?

A

connect different cortical areas within a single hemisphere

81
Q

what are commissural fibers?

A

connect a cortical area of one hemisphere to a (similar) cortical area of the opposite hemisphere

82
Q

do commissural fibers decussate from one hemisphere to the other?

A

Yes commissural fibers decussate or cross from one hemisphere to the other

83
Q

what is a projection fiber?

A

connects an area of cerebral cortex to a subcortical area or a subcortical area to a cerebral cortical area

84
Q

what is an internal capsule?

A

many projection fibers that converge to form a compact zone of axons which are positioned deep in each hemisphere

85
Q

what is the importance of projection fibers?

A

used for majory sensory and motor pathways and can be damaged in strokes

86
Q

what are gyri?

A

a series of folds formed by highly convoluted surface of the cerebral hemispheres

87
Q

what is a sulci?

A

The grooves or furrows that intervene between adjacent gyri

88
Q

what are the five anatomical lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?

A 
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
Insula or island of Reil
89
Q

what is the ventricular system of the brain?

A

Seires of fluid-filled spaces within the brain that is derived from the neural canal of the embryonic neural tube

90
Q

What lines the ventricular system of the brain?

A

ependymal cells

91
Q

What does the ventricular system contain?

A

Choroid plexus

92
Q

What does the choroid plexus secrete?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

93
Q

Where does CSF go after being circulating in the ventricles?

A

Circulates out of the ventricles into the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.

94
Q

Where is CSF resorbed?

A

Arachnoid villi into the superior sagittal venous sinus

95
Q

What is the total volume of CSF?

A

80-150 ml

96
Q

How much of the 80-150 ml fills the ventricular spaces?

A

About 1/3

97
Q

How much CSF is produced per day?

A

600 ml per day that is constantly produced and resorbed

98
Q

What are the lateral ventricles?

A

paired chambers within each cerebral hemisphere and includes the choroid plexus

99
Q

What are the parts of the lateral ventricle?

A 
Anterior horn  (frontal lobe)
Body (pre/post central gyri)
Posterior horn  (occipital lobe)
Inferior horn (temporal lobe)
Collateral  trigone (where body, posterior horn and inferior horn intersect)
100
Q

What is the III ventricle?

A

Unpaired space between the two halves of the diencephalon (includes the choroid plexus)

101
Q

What is the interventricular foramina (of Monro)

A

Paired; connects each latern ventricle (anterior horn) to the II ventricle

102
Q

What is the cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)

A

ventricular canal that resides within the midbrain; connects the III ventricle to the IV ventricle

103
Q

What is the IV ventricle?

A

Unpaired chamber; includes some choroid plexus

104
Q

What forms the roof of the IV ventricle?

A

Cerebellum

105
Q

What forms the floor of the IV ventricle?

A

Pons and Medulla

106
Q

What is another name for the floor of the IV ventricle?

A

Rhomboid fossa

107
Q

What are the lateral aperatures (foramina of Luschka)?

A

Paired; connects the IV ventricle to the subarachnoid space

108
Q

What is the pontine cistern?

A

Subarachnoid space on ventral aspect of pons.

Located at pontomedullocerebellar angle

109
Q

What is the median aperature?

A

Unpaired; connects the IV ventricle to the subarachnoid space (Cisterna magna)

110
Q

What is the cisterna magna?

A

Subarachnoid space between medulla and cerebellum

Dorsal to the medulla

111
Q

What is another name for the cisterna magna?

A

Cerebellomedullary cistern (between medulla and cerebellum)

112
Q

Trace the CSF circulation starting at the lateral ventricle

A

Lateral ventricle -> foramen of monro -> III ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> IV centricle -> lateral and median apertures -> subarachnoid space -> reabsorbed at arachnoid villi -> dural venous sinus

113
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Excess CSF, often related to increases CSF pressure

114
Q

What is obstructive hydrocephalus?

A

Obstruction of CSF criculation out of ventricles -> ventricular hypertrophy (increased CSF upstream of obstruction)

115
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Excess CSF in entire system (internal and external to the brain)
Often due to poor resorption or over secretion

116
Q

What is external hydrocephalus?

A

Increased CSF in subarachnoid space

Common in senile dementia

117
Q

What is the clinical significance of hydrocephalus?

A

Increased cranial pressure can result in structural and functional damage
- Neurological defects and excruciating head aches

118
Q

What is papilladema?

A

Swelling of the optic disc

119
Q

What is the caudate nucleus?

A

Paired

Nucleus involved in motor control that lies along the lateral ventricle

120
Q

What is the head of the caudate?

A

In the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle

121
Q

What is the body of the caudate?

A

In the lateral wall of the body of the lateral ventricle

122
Q

What is the tail of the caudate?

A

In the roof of the inferior horn

123
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

almond sized and shaped nuclear complex

124
Q

Where is the amygdala found?

A

Positioned just beyond the tip of the inferior horn and the tail of caudate in the temporal lobe

125
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

It is a limbic structure

- involved in emotions, behavior, autonomic and endocrine chages

126
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

Gray matter structure (cortex) that is involved in memory and emotions

127
Q

Where is the hippocampus found?

A

Lies along the floor of the inferior horn of lateral ventricle (in the temporal lobe)

128
Q

What is the fornix?

A

Major tract of white matter fibers that emerge from the hippocampus and projects largely to the diencephalon (mammary body and hypothalamus)

129
Q

What is the function of the fornix?

A

interconnects limbic system structures

130
Q

What is the corpus striatum?

A

Gray matter positioned dee in each hemisphere; involved in motor control

131
Q

What are the two nuclei of the corpus striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus

Lenticular nucleus

132
Q

What are the two parts that make up the lenticular nucleus?

A 
globus pallidus (medial)
putamen (lateral)
133
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

White matter structure that consists of projection fibers that provide connections to and from neurons of the cerebral cortex

134
Q

What are the 3 parts of the internal capsule?

A

anterior limb
Genu
Posterior limb

135
Q

What is the anterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

Separates caudate from the lenticular nucleus

136
Q

What is the genu of the internal capsule?

A

“knee between anterior and posterior limbs

137
Q

What is the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

Lenticulothalamic portion

138
Q

What is the clinical significance of the internal capsule?

A

Can be damaged in strokes

139
Q

What is the septum pellucidum

A

Partition like structure that separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles

140
Q

What is the interthalamic adhesion or massa intermedia?

A

Gray matter bridge that connects two halves of the thalamus

Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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