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Neuroanatomy > General Organization of the Spinal Cord > Flashcards

General Organization of the Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the cervical enlargement found?

A

C4-T1

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2
Q

Why does the cervical enlargement occur?

A

To accomodate for innervation of the upper extremities via the brachial plexus

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3
Q

What occurs in the diameter of the chord in the thoracic segment?

A

The cord narrows

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4
Q

Where is the lumbosacral enlargement found?

A

L2-S3

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5
Q

Why does the lumbosacral enlargement occur?

A

To accomodate for innervation of the lower extremities

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6
Q

Where does the conus medullaris occur?

A

L1 or L2

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7
Q

Is the ventral median fissure continuous?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Is the dorsal median fissure continuous?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Is the ventral lateral sulcous paired and continuous?

A

Yes, both paired and continuous

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10
Q

What is important about the ventral lateral sulci?

A

Zone of ventral rootlets of spinal nerves

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11
Q

Is the ventral lateral sulcous paired and continuous?

A

Yes, both paired and continuous

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12
Q

What is important about the dorsal lateral sulci?

A

Zone of dorsal rootlets of spinal nerves

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13
Q

Is the dorsal intermediate sulcous paired and continuous?

A

Paired but not continuous

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14
Q

Where is the dorsal intermediate sulci found?

A

Along cord segments T6 and above

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15
Q

Where is the dorsal intermediate sulci positioned?

A

Between the dorsal median sulcus and a dorsal lateral sulcus

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16
Q

What is the white matter of spinal cord?

A

It is distributed peripherally surround the gray matter

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17
Q

What fibers does the white matter of spinal cord contain?

A

Both ascending and descending fibers

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18
Q

What are the three divisions of white matter areas in the spinal cord?

A

Posterior (Dorsal) funiculi or columns
Lateral funiculi or columns
Anterior (Ventral) funiculi or columns

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19
Q

What are the borders of the posterior funiculus?

A

Bordered by the dorsal median sulcus and a dorsal lateral sulcus

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20
Q

Is the posterior funiculus paired and continuous along the entire cord?

A

Yes, it is both paired and continuous

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21
Q

What type of fibers primarily make up the posterior funiculi?

A

Ascending fibers or Sensory

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22
Q

What are the borders of the lateral funiculi?

A

Bordered by a dorsal lateral sulcus and a ventral lateral sulcus

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23
Q

Is the lateral funiculus paired?

A

Yes, it is paired

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24
Q

What type of fibers primarily make up the lateral funiculi?

A

Includes both ascending and descending fibers (sensory and motor)

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25
Q

What are the borders of the anterior funiculi?

A

Bordered by the ventral median fissure and a ventral lateral sulcus

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26
Q

Is the anterior funiculus paired?

A

Yes, it is paired

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27
Q

What type of fibers primarily make up the anterior funiculi?

A

Includes both ascending and descending fibers (sensory and motor)

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28
Q

What is a fasciculus or tract?

A

organized groups of axons/fibers that are anatomically (have a similar origin, course, termination) or functionally within each funiculus

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29
Q

What are the three types of fasciculi pathways?

A

Ascending pathway
Descending pathway
Fiber pathways to extert control over autonomic/visceral function

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30
Q

What are the functions of the ascending pathways of the fasciculi?

A

Ascending or sensory pathways carry information to higher centers of the CNS

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31
Q

What are the functions of the descending pathways of the fasciculi?

A

Descending or motor pathways help mediate (voluntary) motor activity

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32
Q

What is the dorsal lateral tract also called?

A

Lissauer’s tract

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33
Q

Where is Lissauer’s tract located?

A

At the dorsal lateral sulcuz zone directly off of the gray matter dorsal horn

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34
Q

What fibers makes up Lissauer’s tract?

A

Ascending and descending fibers that travel short distances along the cord (1-2 segments up or down)

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35
Q

Is the fasciculus gracillis paired and continuous through the entire cord?

A

Yes it is both continuous and paired

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36
Q

Where is the fasciculus gracilis found below T6?

A

Between the dorsal median sulcus and the dorsal lateral sulcus

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37
Q

Where is the fasciculus gracilis found above T6?

A

Between the dorsal median sulcus and the dorsal intermediate sulcus

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38
Q

What fibers makes up fasciculous gracilis?

A

Major ascending pathways (sensory)

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39
Q

What is the function of fasciculus gracilis?

A

Relay lower body sensation up the spinal cord

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40
Q

Is the fasciculus cuneatus paired and continuous throughout the entire cord?

A

It is paired but not continuous throughout the entire cord

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41
Q

Where is the fasciculus cuneatus located?

A

Positioned between the dorsal intermediate sulcus and the dorsal lateral sulcus in the dorsal funiculus

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42
Q

Starting at which cord segment is the fasciculus cuneatus present?

A

T6 and above

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43
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract also known as?

A

the anterolateral system

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44
Q

Is the spinothalamic tract paired and continuous along the entire cord?

A

Yes, it is both paired and continuous

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45
Q

WHere is the spinothalamic tract located?

A

Located in the anterolateral part of the white matter

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46
Q

What fibers makes up the spinothalamic tract?

A

Major ascending pathway

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47
Q

What is the anterior white commissure?

A

Decussating (crossing) fibers that contribute to the spinothalamic tract

48
Q

What is the gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

Distributed within the central part of the cord in an H-shaped or butterfly pattern.

49
Q

What are the components of the gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

Posterior (dorsal) horns
Anterior (ventral) horns
Intermediate zone
Lateral horn

50
Q

What types of neurons are found in the posterior horn?

A

primarily sensory neurons

51
Q

What types of neurons are found in the anterior horn?

A

Primarily motor neurons

52
Q

What is the intermediate zone of gray matter?

A

Gray matter that extends from one side, across midline, to the opposite side

53
Q

What does the intermediate zone of gray matter contain?

A

The gray commissure that surround the central canal

54
Q

What is the function of the central canal?

A

Connects the spinal canal with the IV ventricle

55
Q

What types of neurons are found in the intermediate zone of gray matter?

A

Sensory neurons and interneurons

56
Q

In which spinal cord are lateral horns found?

A

Extends only from T1 to L2 cord segments

57
Q

Where are lateral horns found in a cross section of a spinal cord between T1 and L2?

A

Positioned in the lateral part of the intermediate zone

58
Q

What neurons make up the lateral horn?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

59
Q

What is the trend of white matter as you go from lumbar/sacral cord segments to cervical cord segments?

A

1) Lumbar/sacral: lowest number of axons/fibers
2) Thoracic: Volume of white matter increasingly more than lumbar region
3) Cervical: Volume of white matter is the highest

60
Q

What is the trend of gray matter as you go from lumbar/sacral cord segments to cervical cord segments?

A

1) Lumbar/sacral: number of neurons high because of lower extremity innervation
2) Thoracic: volume of gray matter is low because of no extremity innervation
3) Cervical: Volume of gray matter is high because of upper extremity innervation

61
Q

What part is only found in thoracic cord levels?

A

Lateral horn

62
Q

What part is only found in the cervical cord segments?

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

63
Q

What are dorsal root ganglion also known as?

A

spinal nerve ganglion

64
Q

What type of neurons are dorsal root ganglion?

A

pseudounipolar neurons

65
Q

What is the difference between a peripheral and central process?

A

Peripheral process = from sensory receptor to DRG

Central process = From DRG to CNS

66
Q

What are axonal collateral branches?

A

Branches that span off of axons

67
Q

What are decussating fibers?

A

Fibers that cross from one side to the other

68
Q

What are interneurons also known as?

A

Internuncials

69
Q

What are interneurons?

A

small neuron that makes synaption connections locally (travel short distances)

70
Q

What are longitudinal columns of neurons of the gray matter along the cord known as?

A

laminae of rexed

71
Q

How many laminae or columns are found in the spinal cord gray matter?

A

Ten laminae (I-X)

72
Q

Where is lamina I found?

A

Thin layer located at tip of dorsal horn

73
Q

What is the function of lamina I?

A

1) Receive incoming dorsal root fibers

2) Project some axons to contralateral spinothalmic tract

74
Q

What is lamina II also known as?

A

Substantia gelatinosa

75
Q

What is the function of lamina II?

A

receive dorsal root fibers and descending fibers

76
Q

What are interneurons found in lamina II important for?

A

modification of pain pathways

77
Q

Where do the axons of the lamina II synapse?

A

The axons of these neurons synapse on neurons of other laminae in adjacent cord segments

78
Q

What is the function of lamina IV?

A

Receive input from the dorsal root fibers

79
Q

What is important about the neurons of lamina IV?

A

The tract cells (neurons) contribute fibers to the contralateral spinothalmic tract

80
Q

Where are laminae V and VI found?

A

Located at the base of the dorsal horn

81
Q

What is the function of laminae V and VI ?

A

receives dorsal root fibers and much input from descending fibers

82
Q

Do laminae V and VI contain interneurons?

A

Yes, some neurons are interneurons

83
Q

What is the relationship between laminae V and VI and the spinothalmic tract?

A

laminae V and VI include tract cells that contriubte to the contralateral spinothalmic tract

84
Q

Where is lamina VII found?

A

Largest area comprising the intermediate zone and part of the ventral horn

85
Q

Does laminae VII contain interneurons?

A

Yes, Some neurons are interneurons

86
Q

What are the 4 nuclear cell columns included in the lamina VII?

A

1) Intermediolateral nucleus
2) Intermediomedial nucleus
3) Nucleus Dorsalis
4) Sacral autonomic nucleus

87
Q

What nucleus makes up the lateral horn?

A

Intermediolateral nucleus

88
Q

In which cord segments is the intermediolateral nucleus found?

A

T1-L2

89
Q

What is the function of the intermediolateral nucleus?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

90
Q

What is the nucleus dorsalis also known as?

A

Clarke’s nucleus

91
Q

What cord segments is the nucleus dorsalis found?

A

C8-L3

92
Q

What do the axons of the nucleus dorsalis make up?

A

The axons from these neurons form the dorsal spinaocerebellar tract

93
Q

What cord segments are the sacral autonomic nucleus found?

A

S2-4

94
Q

What is the function of the sacral autonomic nucleus?

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

95
Q

Where is lamina IX found?

A

Multiple cell columns embedded in laminae VII or VIII

96
Q

How are lamina IX neuron colums distributed?

A

Medial to Lateral

97
Q

What is the function of the lamina IX?

A

Functions as interneurons

98
Q

What type of Neuron (motor or sensory) are found in lamina IX?

A

Most are the motor neurons of the ventral horn

99
Q

How do Lamina IX axons exit the cord?

A

Exit the cord via the ventral roots of spinal nerves

100
Q

What do the lamina IX innervate?

A

Skeletal muscle cells

101
Q

What skeletal muscles do the medially positioned lamina IX cell columns innervate?

A

Axial skeleton/trunk

102
Q

What skeletal muscles do the more laterally positioned lamina IX cell columns innervate?

A

Extremity muscles

103
Q

What are the two special motor nuclei of lamina IX?

A

Phrenic nucleus

Spinal Accessory nucleus

104
Q

In which cord segments is the phrenic nucleus found?

A

C3-C5

105
Q

In which cord segments is the spinal accessory nucleus found?

A

C1-C5

106
Q

What is the function of the phrenic nucleus?

A

Motor innervation to diaphragm

107
Q

What is the function of the spinal accessory nucleus?

A

Motor innervation to trapezius and SCM muscles

108
Q

Where is lamina X found?

A

Area of gray commissure

109
Q

What type of neurons are found in lamina X?

A

Mostly interneurons

110
Q

Which laminae do dorsal rootlets terminate in?

A

I-VI

111
Q

Which laminae make up the dorsal horn?

A

I-VI

112
Q

What are lamina II neurons also known as?

A

substantia gelatinosa

113
Q

What are important about lamina II neurons?

A

Important interneurons that can modify pain pathways

114
Q

What do the tract cells that contribute axons to the spinothalamic tract reside primarily?

A

Laminae IV and V-VI

115
Q

Which lamina are the motor neurons of the ventral horn?

A

Lamina IX neurons

Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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