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Anatomy > Introduction to the musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Introduction to the musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

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2
Q

Describe the histological appearance of skeletal muscle under the microscope

A

Long striated cells, many peripherally located nuclei

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3
Q

Describe the histological appearance of smooth muscle under the microscope

A

Short, spindle shaped cells with a single nucleus

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4
Q

Describe the histological appearance of cardiac muscle under the microscope

A

Short, striated branched cells with intercalated discs

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5
Q

Muscle origin

A

The point of attachment that remains relatively fixed during contraction

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6
Q

Muscle insertion

A

The point of a muscle that is relatively moveable during contraction

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7
Q

Agonist/prime mover

A

A muscle where its active contraction causes a movement of part of the body

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8
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle thats action oppposes that of another muscle (agonist)

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9
Q

Synergist

A

A muscle that acts with an agonist in making a particular movement

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10
Q

What are the four muscle groups of the upper limb

A
  • anterior compartment of arm
  • posterior compartment of arm
  • anterior compartment of forearm
  • posterior compartment of forearm
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11
Q

Main function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm

A
  • flexion of the wrist and digits of the hand
  • pronation
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12
Q

Main function of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm

A

extension of the wrist and digits of the hand

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13
Q

Main function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm

A

flexion

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14
Q

Main function of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm

A

extension

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15
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal muscle tissue contains many muscle cells/fibres
  • each muscle cell is enveloped by a connective muscle sheath called the endomyosin
  • The muscle cells are bundled together to form fasicles, each fasicle is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called perimyosin
  • An individual muscle consists of many fasicles that are also bound together by a connective tissue sheath called epimyosin
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16
Q

What are striated muscle cells/striated muscle tissue

A

Muscle tissue that features repeating functional units called sarcomeres that manifests as a series of bands

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17
Q

What type of muscle is skeletal muscle

A

striated voluntary muscle

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18
Q

What type of muscle is smooth muscle

A

non-striated involuntary muscle

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19
Q

What type of muscle is cardiac muscle

A

striated involuntary muscle

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20
Q

Common locations of skeletal muscle tissue

A

in skeletal muscles which are found around bones

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21
Q

Common locations of smooth muscle

A

in hollow organs, blood vessles, airways and walls of organs

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22
Q

Common locations of cardiac muscle

A

wall of heart

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23
Q

Innervation of skeletal muscle

A

somatic nervous system

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24
Q

Innervation of smooth muscle

A

autonomic nervous system

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25
Innervation oif cardiac muscle
autonomic nervous system
26
function of skeletal muscle
- contraction for voluntary movement - moves and stabilises the skeleton - forms sphincters in the digestive/urinary tracts
27
function of smooth muscle
- propulsion of substances along internal passageways - GI movement - alters the diameters of airways and blood vessels
28
function of cardiac muscle
pumping the heart for circulation
29
How many bones does the human skeleton have
206
30
How many bones make up the axial skeleton
80
31
How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton
126
32
What are the two subdivisions of the skeleton
the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
33
What does the axial skeleton consist of
the skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum and hyoid bone
34
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of
the bones of the limb and of the pectoral and pelvic girdles
35
What are the five classifications of bones
long, short , flat, irregular and sesamoid
36
What is a long bone
- longer than they are wide - widens at extremities - compact and spongy - eg. femur, humerus
37
What is a flat bone
- Thin or flattened bone - eg. sternum, ribs, skull
38
What is a short bone
- cube like - as long as they are wide - eg. bones of wrist
39
What is an irregular bone
- specific, irregular shapes - eg. vertebrae, facial bones, hip bones
40
What is a sesamoid bone
- small bone embedded in a tendon or muscle, usually near a joint - eg. patella
41
What types of tissue are bones made of
bones are made up of two types of tissue: compact and cancellous
42
What is compact bone tissue
- Compact bone is dense and has few spaces - It forms the outer surface of all bones and contributes to most of the diaphysis of long bones - compact bone provides protection and resists the stresses which result from weight and movement.
43
What is cancellous bone tissue
- Cancellous bone tissue is spongy and made up of thin columns of bone (trabeculae) that form an irregular network surrounded by many spaces. - Cancellous bone is therefore lighter than compact bone. - The spaces of spongy bone contain red or yellow bone marrow. - red bone marrow is the site of blood cell production
44
What are bony landmarks
Projections, irrelgularities, holes and cracks on the surface of a bone
45
Define protuberance of a bone
projection of the bone
46
Define facet of a bone
Smooth, flat area where a bone articulates with another bone
47
Define fossa of a bone
Depression or hollowed area
48
Define fissure of a bone
A slit-like opening
49
Define foramen of a bone
A hole which passes through a bone, it usually transmits nerves or blood vessels
50
Define the head/condyle of a bone
A large round end that articulates with another bone
51
Define tuberosity of a bone
Large, rounded elevation where muscles may attach
52
Define tubercle of a bone
Small, raised eminence where muscles may attach
53
Define joint
An area where bones meet
54
What does it mean to classify joints functionally
Classify according to the amount of movement that occurs at the joint
55
What does it mean to classify joints structurally
Classify according to the type of connective tissue that holds the two bones together
56
What are the three functional classifications of joints
1. Synarthrosis 2. Ampiarthrosis 3. Diarthrosis
57
What is a synarthrosis joint
an immovable joint
58
What is an amphiarthrosis joint
a slightly moveable joint
59
What is a diarthrosis joint
a freely moveable joint
60
What are the three structural classifications of joints
1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial
61
What is a fibrous joint
Joint where varying amounts of fibrous tissue binds the bone ends together. Fibrous joints tend to be immoveable or slightly moveable
62
What is a cartilaginous joint
Joint where the bone ends are joined together by pads of hyaline or fibrocartilage. They tend to be slightly moveable
63
What is a synovial joint
synovial joints possess a joint cavity which is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and contains synovial fluid
64
What are the six types of synovial joint
- hinge - gliding/plane - pivot - saddle - condyloid/ellipsoid - ball & socket
65
What is a hinge synovial joint
- convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface on another bone. - lax capsule with strong collateral ligaments - uniaxial movement, allows flexion and extension - eg. elbow, knee
66
What is a gliding/plane synovial joint
- flat or tightly curved articulating surfaces - tight capsule - uniaxial movement, allows side to side gliding movement - eg. metacarpal bones of hand
67
What is a pivot synovial joint
- a rounded surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed by a bone and ligament - uniaxial movement, allows rotation - eg. neck/head joint, radioulnar joint of forearm
68
What is a saddle synovial joint
-The articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped (convex) and the other bone fits into the bone like a rider in the saddle of a horse - biaxial movement, allows flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction - eg. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
69
What is a condyloid/ellipsoid synovial joint
- oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into an oval shaped depression in another - biaxial movement, allows flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, limited circumduction - eg. knuckles
70
What is a ball and socket synovial joint
- spherical surface of one bone fits into a cup-like depression in another - multiaxial movement, allows flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction, medial and lateral rotation - eg. hip, shoulder

Anatomy (6 decks)

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