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Anatomy > Introduction to the musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Introduction to the musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

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2
Q

Describe the histological appearance of skeletal muscle under the microscope

A

Long striated cells, many peripherally located nuclei

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3
Q

Describe the histological appearance of smooth muscle under the microscope

A

Short, spindle shaped cells with a single nucleus

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4
Q

Describe the histological appearance of cardiac muscle under the microscope

A

Short, striated branched cells with intercalated discs

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5
Q

Muscle origin

A

The point of attachment that remains relatively fixed during contraction

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6
Q

Muscle insertion

A

The point of a muscle that is relatively moveable during contraction

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7
Q

Agonist/prime mover

A

A muscle where its active contraction causes a movement of part of the body

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8
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle thats action oppposes that of another muscle (agonist)

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9
Q

Synergist

A

A muscle that acts with an agonist in making a particular movement

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10
Q

What are the four muscle groups of the upper limb

A
  • anterior compartment of arm
  • posterior compartment of arm
  • anterior compartment of forearm
  • posterior compartment of forearm
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11
Q

Main function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm

A
  • flexion of the wrist and digits of the hand
  • pronation
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12
Q

Main function of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm

A

extension of the wrist and digits of the hand

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13
Q

Main function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm

A

flexion

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14
Q

Main function of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm

A

extension

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15
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal muscle tissue contains many muscle cells/fibres
  • each muscle cell is enveloped by a connective muscle sheath called the endomyosin
  • The muscle cells are bundled together to form fasicles, each fasicle is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called perimyosin
  • An individual muscle consists of many fasicles that are also bound together by a connective tissue sheath called epimyosin
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16
Q

What are striated muscle cells/striated muscle tissue

A

Muscle tissue that features repeating functional units called sarcomeres that manifests as a series of bands

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17
Q

What type of muscle is skeletal muscle

A

striated voluntary muscle

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18
Q

What type of muscle is smooth muscle

A

non-striated involuntary muscle

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19
Q

What type of muscle is cardiac muscle

A

striated involuntary muscle

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20
Q

Common locations of skeletal muscle tissue

A

in skeletal muscles which are found around bones

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21
Q

Common locations of smooth muscle

A

in hollow organs, blood vessles, airways and walls of organs

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22
Q

Common locations of cardiac muscle

A

wall of heart

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23
Q

Innervation of skeletal muscle

A

somatic nervous system

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24
Q

Innervation of smooth muscle

A

autonomic nervous system

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25
Q

Innervation oif cardiac muscle

A

autonomic nervous system

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26
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A
  • contraction for voluntary movement
  • moves and stabilises the skeleton
  • forms sphincters in the digestive/urinary tracts
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27
Q

function of smooth muscle

A
  • propulsion of substances along internal passageways
  • GI movement
  • alters the diameters of airways and blood vessels
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28
Q

function of cardiac muscle

A

pumping the heart for circulation

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29
Q

How many bones does the human skeleton have

A

206

30
Q

How many bones make up the axial skeleton

A

80

31
Q

How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton

A

126

32
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the skeleton

A

the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

33
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of

A

the skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum and hyoid bone

34
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of

A

the bones of the limb and of the pectoral and pelvic girdles

35
Q

What are the five classifications of bones

A

long, short , flat, irregular and sesamoid

36
Q

What is a long bone

A
  • longer than they are wide
  • widens at extremities
  • compact and spongy
  • eg. femur, humerus
37
Q

What is a flat bone

A
  • Thin or flattened bone
  • eg. sternum, ribs, skull
38
Q

What is a short bone

A
  • cube like
  • as long as they are wide
  • eg. bones of wrist
39
Q

What is an irregular bone

A
  • specific, irregular shapes
  • eg. vertebrae, facial bones, hip bones
40
Q

What is a sesamoid bone

A
  • small bone embedded in a tendon or muscle, usually near a joint
  • eg. patella
41
Q

What types of tissue are bones made of

A

bones are made up of two types of tissue: compact and cancellous

42
Q

What is compact bone tissue

A
  • Compact bone is dense and has few spaces
  • It forms the outer surface of all bones and contributes to most of the diaphysis of long bones
  • compact bone provides protection and resists the stresses which result from weight and movement.
43
Q

What is cancellous bone tissue

A
  • Cancellous bone tissue is spongy and made up of thin columns of bone (trabeculae) that form an irregular network surrounded by many spaces.
  • Cancellous bone is therefore lighter than compact bone.
  • The spaces of spongy bone contain red or yellow bone marrow.
  • red bone marrow is the site of blood cell production
44
Q

What are bony landmarks

A

Projections, irrelgularities, holes and cracks on the surface of a bone

45
Q

Define protuberance of a bone

A

projection of the bone

46
Q

Define facet of a bone

A

Smooth, flat area where a bone articulates with another bone

47
Q

Define fossa of a bone

A

Depression or hollowed area

48
Q

Define fissure of a bone

A

A slit-like opening

49
Q

Define foramen of a bone

A

A hole which passes through a bone, it usually transmits nerves or blood vessels

50
Q

Define the head/condyle of a bone

A

A large round end that articulates with another bone

51
Q

Define tuberosity of a bone

A

Large, rounded elevation where muscles may attach

52
Q

Define tubercle of a bone

A

Small, raised eminence where muscles may attach

53
Q

Define joint

A

An area where bones meet

54
Q

What does it mean to classify joints functionally

A

Classify according to the amount of movement that occurs at the joint

55
Q

What does it mean to classify joints structurally

A

Classify according to the type of connective tissue that holds the two bones together

56
Q

What are the three functional classifications of joints

A
  1. Synarthrosis
  2. Ampiarthrosis
  3. Diarthrosis
57
Q

What is a synarthrosis joint

A

an immovable joint

58
Q

What is an amphiarthrosis joint

A

a slightly moveable joint

59
Q

What is a diarthrosis joint

A

a freely moveable joint

60
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
61
Q

What is a fibrous joint

A

Joint where varying amounts of fibrous tissue binds the bone ends together. Fibrous joints tend to be immoveable or slightly moveable

62
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint

A

Joint where the bone ends are joined together by pads of hyaline or fibrocartilage. They tend to be slightly moveable

63
Q

What is a synovial joint

A

synovial joints possess a joint cavity which is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and contains synovial fluid

64
Q

What are the six types of synovial joint

A
  • hinge
  • gliding/plane
  • pivot
  • saddle
  • condyloid/ellipsoid
  • ball & socket
65
Q

What is a hinge synovial joint

A
  • convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface on another bone.
  • lax capsule with strong collateral ligaments
  • uniaxial movement, allows flexion and extension
  • eg. elbow, knee
66
Q

What is a gliding/plane synovial joint

A
  • flat or tightly curved articulating surfaces
  • tight capsule
  • uniaxial movement, allows side to side gliding movement
  • eg. metacarpal bones of hand
67
Q

What is a pivot synovial joint

A
  • a rounded surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed by a bone and ligament
  • uniaxial movement, allows rotation
  • eg. neck/head joint, radioulnar joint of forearm
68
Q

What is a saddle synovial joint

A

-The articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped (convex) and the other bone fits into the bone like a rider in the saddle of a horse
- biaxial movement, allows flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction
- eg. carpometacarpal joint of thumb

69
Q

What is a condyloid/ellipsoid synovial joint

A
  • oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into an oval shaped depression in another
  • biaxial movement, allows flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, limited circumduction
  • eg. knuckles
70
Q

What is a ball and socket synovial joint

A
  • spherical surface of one bone fits into a cup-like depression in another
  • multiaxial movement, allows flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction, medial and lateral rotation
  • eg. hip, shoulder

Anatomy (6 decks)

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