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Semester 2 Year 1 > Introduction to the Limbs > Flashcards

Introduction to the Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

What is special about the functions of the upper limb of a human compared to the equivalent structure on a quadruped?

A

– has almost no locomotor function
– has a great degree of freedom of movement
It is an organ for grasping and manipulating

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2
Q

What defines the structure and function of the upper limb?

A

 Highly mobile joints
 Levers
 Enable the hand to be brought to any point in space and keep it steadily

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3
Q

What are the functions of the lower limb?

A

 Supports the body weight
 Involved mainly in locomotion
 The bones of the lower limb are more robust than the bones and joints of the upper limb

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4
Q

From where and when do the limbs develop?

A

 ~Week 4 of development, specialized cells migrate from the somites and the lateral plate mesoderm
 Limb buds form where the arms and legs will develop.

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5
Q

What are the three types of muscles in regards to their structure?

A

Skeletal muscles, Smooth muscles, Cardiac muscles

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6
Q

Where can the origin of a muscle normally be found?

A

usually the proximal end of the muscle, which remains fixed during muscular contraction

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7
Q

Where can the insertion of the muscle normally be found?

A

usually the distal end of the muscle, which is movable

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8
Q

What happens when a muscle is stimulated?

A

a muscle contracts and tries to bring its two ends closer.

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9
Q

In what direction do muscles normally contract/shorten?

A

in the Insertion -> Origin direction

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10
Q

What are the two types of muscle contraction?

A

Isometric contraction

Isotonic contraction

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11
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contraction?

A

A. Concentric contraction

B. Eccentric contraction

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12
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

When the muscle elongates while under tension due to an opposing force greater than the muscle generates

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13
Q

When does eccentric contraction occur?

A

Occurs as a braking force in opposition to a concentric contraction to protect from injury
(lowering a dumbbell)

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14
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

Muscle contracts according to the sliding filament mechanism and shortens
(lifting a dumbbell)

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15
Q

What are the 5 types of muscle in regards to their purpose in a movement?

A
  • Prime mover
  • Agonist
  • Synergist muscles
  • Antagonistic muscles
  • Fixating muscles
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16
Q

What is a prime mover?

A

Muscle(s) that play the primary role in moving a body part

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17
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Muscle(s) that acts directly to produce a desired movement

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18
Q

What are synergist muscles?

A

Muscle(s) which prevent unwanted movements associated with the action of the prime movers

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19
Q

What are antagonistic muscles?

A

Muscle(s) which directly oppose a movement

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20
Q

What are fixating muscles?

A

Muscle(s) that provide the necessary support to assist in holding the rest of the body in place while the movement occurs

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21
Q

What are the two different kinds of fascia in regards to their location?

A

Superficial fascia and

Deep (investing) fascia

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22
Q

What are the features of superficial fascia

A
  • Just beneath the skin

* Contains adipose tissue

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23
Q

What are the features of deep (investing) fascia

A
  • Ensheath muscles but continuous
  • Facilitate contraction
  • Barrier between muscles
  • Compartments of muscles
  • Passages for nerves and vessels
  • Attachment for muscles (eg. by forming Interosseous membranes)
  • Hold tendons in place (by forming Retinaculae)
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24
Q

What are retinaculae?

A

A retinaculum (actual plural retinacula) is a band of thickened deep fascia around tendons that holds them in place

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25
Q

What do deep fascia form between the muscles?

A

septae between the muscles to separate them into compartments

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26
Q

What do septae form?

A

potential spaces to allow passage of nerves and blood vessels

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27
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

An injury to the muscle within a tough compartment may cause swelling and increased pressure that compresses the neurovascular bundles

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28
Q

Where are the deep fascia of the arm (medics arm not layman’s)?

A

The intermuscular septae divide the arm into an anterior (flexor) and a posterior (extensor) muscular compartment

29
Q

What are the two septae of the arm and where are they?

A

The lateral and medial intermuscular septae, both join the humerus and run roughly along the coronal plane, with the lateral intermuscular seta slightly posterior

30
Q

What are the fascia of the atebrachium?

A

 The antebrachial fascia forms the interosseous membrane that separates anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments
 Carpal tunnel

31
Q

What are the deep fascia of the thigh?

A

 Called fascia lata
 The fascia lata thickens laterally as the Iliotibial Tract, and sends septae to divide the thigh into anterior (extensor), medial (adductor) and posterior (flexor) compartments

32
Q

How is the invested fascia of the lower limb different from the invested fascia of the upper limb?

A

 Deep fascia of the lower limb is thicker

33
Q

What are the deep fascia of the leg(medics not layman’s)?

A 
 Fascia Lata -> Crural fascia 
 The Crural Fascia
- fuses with the tibia
- forms the interosseous (IO) membrane
- send septae to divide the leg into anterior (extensor), 2 posterior (superficial and deep flexor) and lateral (peroneal) compartments
34
Q

What are neurons?

A

 Excitable nerve cells which transmit information as electric signals or “action potentials”

35
Q

What structures make up a typical neuron?

A

 A typical neuron has a cell body (soma) and neurite(s). Neurite is either a dendrite or an axon

36
Q

What is an axon?

A

is single, can be as long as 1 m, covered with myelin or Schwann sheath

37
Q

What are dendrites?

A

multiple, thin, short extensions

38
Q

What two functions may a neuron have?

A

motor or sensory

39
Q

What two functions may motor neurons have?

A

somatic or autonomic

40
Q

Where is the sensory root?

A

The posterior (dorsal) root/posterior (dorsal) radix to the dorsal root ganglion

41
Q

Where is the motor root?

A

The anterior (ventral) root/anterior (ventral) radix to the sympathetic ganglion

42
Q

What do the posterior and anterior roots join to form?

A

The spinal nerve

43
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

the strip of skin supplied by 1 spinal nerve

44
Q

What is a myotome?

A

the skeletal muscle or group of skeletal muscles supplied by 1 spinal nerve

45
Q

Describe the initial position of the limbs in development

A

both the thumb and hallux are on the cranial side of each limb, and both the palm and sole face anteriorly

46
Q

Describe the rotation of the upper limb in development

A

 The upper limb rotates laterally from its in-utero position
• Thumb moves from medial to lateral
• Flexor muscle groups move to an anterior position
• Extensors move to a posterior position

47
Q

Describe he rotation tf the lower limb in development

A

 The lower limb rotates medially :
• Hallux moves from lateral to medial
• Flexor muscle groups move from an anterior to a posterior position
• Extensors move to an anterior position

48
Q

What else rotates during the rotation of the limbs in development?

A

The dermatomes

49
Q

Where do the spinal nerves emerge from?

A

intervertebral foramina

50
Q

Where do C1 to C7 spinal nerves emerge from?

A

intervertebral foramina above respective vertebrae

51
Q

Where does the C8 spinal nerve emerge from?

A

below C7 vertebra

52
Q

Where do T1 and all lower nerves emerge from?

A

below respective vertebrae intervertebral foramina

53
Q

Where does the neural innervation of the upper limb come from?

A

The brachial plexus, found in the axilla

54
Q

What nerves form the brachial plexus?

A

C5 -> T1

55
Q

What nerves emerge from the brachial plexus?

A

Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar

56
Q

Where does the neural innervation of the lower limb come from?

A

The Lumbo-Sacral plexus, within psoas major on the posterior abdominal wall, and on the lateral wall of the pelvis

57
Q

Where is the psoas major muscle?

A

It starts on the spine around T12/L1 ish and moves caudo-laterally towards the pelvis idk

58
Q

What nerves are the lumbo-sacral plexus derived from?

A

the ventral rami of L1 to L5 and S1 to 4

59
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the upper limb

A

Subclavian -> axillary -> brachial -> radial and ulnar -> Deep and superficial palmar arches

60
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the lower limb

A

External iliac artery -> Deep and superficial femoral -> popliteal -> tibias posterior and anterior -> plantar arcade

61
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the upper limb

A

Two main veins: cephalic and basilic

The cephalic vein is broadly lateral to the basilic vein, this is much clearer in the brachium. The median cubital vein joins these two and is found in the cubital region (big surprise)
In the hands the basilica and cephalic veins from the dorsal and palmar venous networks

62
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the lower limb

A

The great saphenous vein runs along the medial side of the femoral region and the small saphenous vein runs along the anterior side of the leg

63
Q

Into what vein may one put an IV line?

A

The cephalic vein

64
Q

From where may one take a venous sample?

A

The median cubital vein

65
Q

Where may superficial veins be found?

A

in superficial fascia

Connections of superficial veins with the deep veins are more significant in the lower limb than the upper limb

66
Q

Describe process of venous drainage of the lower limb

A

 Venous flow is from superficial to deep, via perforators
 The muscle pump, arterial pulsation, negative intrathoracic pressure and valves in veins help venous return to the heart, against gravity.

67
Q

Describe lymph drainage of the limbs

A

 Lymph vessels follow the superficial or deep veins

 Drain to the Axillary (upper limb) and Inguinal (lower limb) lymph nodes

68
Q

Alongside what structures can the deep veins in the limbs be found?

A

Accompanying the associated arteries of the limbs

Semester 2 Year 1 (82 decks)

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