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Semester 2 Year 1 > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The breakdown of glucose to smaller molecules, so producing ATP

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is an aldehyde?

A

A compound containing a functional group with the structure R−CHO

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4
Q

What is a ketone?

A

A compound containing a functional group with the structure R1−CO−R2

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5
Q

What is a carboxylic acid?

A

An acid compound containing a functional group with the structure R−COOH

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6
Q

What suffix is used to denote a sugar?

A

“-ose”

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7
Q

Why is it important to be able to recognise sugars?

A

Sugars like glucose can often exist in different forms that are all in equilibrium

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8
Q

What is a triose?

A

a sugar with 3 carbons

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9
Q

What is a sugar with three carbons called?

A

a triose

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10
Q

What is a hexose and give an example?

A

a sugar with 6 carbons,

eg glucose

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11
Q

What is the structural difference between fructose and glucose?

A

While glucose tends to form a six-membered (pyranose) ring, fructose forms a 5- membered (furanose) ring

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12
Q

How are proteins formed from amino acids?

A

the amino group of one amino acid joins to the carboxyl group of its neighbour (a peptide bond)

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13
Q

What acids are common in metabolism?

A

Keto acids

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14
Q

What is glucose converted to in glycolysis?

A

pyruvate

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15
Q

What is the initial stage of glycolysis

A

Phosphorylation, which consumes ATP

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16
Q

What does the first phosphorylation do to the glucose undergoing glycolysis?

A

Traps glucose in the cell, because glucose-6-P is ionized and unable to cross the cell membrane as it no longer matches any transport proteins

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17
Q

What is the second step of glycolysis?

A

isomerization

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18
Q

What occurs to the Glucose-6-P in the isomerization stage of glycolysis?

A

Glucose-6-P converted to fructose-6-P

Both sugars = C6H1206

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19
Q

What is the third stage of glycolysis?

A

Another phosphorylation

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20
Q

What occurs to the fructose-6-P in the second phosphorylation stage of glycolysis?

A

CONSUMES ATP

Forms a hexose diphosphate that can be split into two phosphorylated 3-carbon compounds

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21
Q

What is the fourth stage of glycolysis?

A

Cleavage + isomerization

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22
Q

What occurs to the hexose diphosphate in cleavage + isomerization of the fourth stage of glycolysis?

A

Forms two phosphorylated 3­ carbon compounds, then allows dihydroxyacetone-P (a triose) to be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-P which can be metabolized

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23
Q

What is the fifth stage of glycolysis?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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24
Q

What occurs to glyceraldehyde-3-P in oxidative phosphorylation in glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-P is simultaneously oxidized and phosphorylated

Hydrogen and electrons from glyceraldehyde-3-P are passed to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

25
Q

What is Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH + H+) made up of?

A

1 Nicotinamide molecule containing the reactive site
1 Adenine molecule
2 Ribose molecules sandwiching the Adenine

26
Q

What is the name for the adenine-ribose complex found in NAD+?

A

Adenosine

27
Q

What is the difference between NAD+ and NADP?

A

In NAD, R = H, while in the related nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), R = phosphate

28
Q

What provides the nicotinamide part of the NAD+ molecule?

A

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

29
Q

How is vitamin B3 (niacin) made by the body?

A

It isn’t, it has to be provided in the diet

30
Q

What does lack of Vitamin B3 (niacin) cause?

A

pellagra ­- Sensitivity to sunlight, dermatitis, alopecia, glossitis, weakness, ataxia

31
Q

What is the sixth stage of glycolysis?

A

The transfer of a phosphate to ADP and so the production of ATP

32
Q

What is the ratio of ATP produced/glucose molecules consumed in glycolysis in the first ATP producing stage?

A

2 ATP per molecule of glucose

33
Q

What is the seventh stage of glycolysis?

A

molecular rearrangement

34
Q

What occurs in the molecular rearrangement phase of glycolysis?

A

Phosphate group moved from one position to another (isomerization)

35
Q

What is the eighth stage of glycolysis?

A

Dehydration

36
Q

Why does dehydration occur in glycolysis?

A

It favours the transfer of phosphate to ADP

37
Q

What is the final stage of glycolysis?

A

The second transfer of phosphate to ADP and so ATP production occurs

38
Q

What is the ratio of ATP produced/glucose molecules consumed in glycolysis in the second ATP producing stage?

A

2 ATP per molecule of glucose

39
Q

How much ATP is produced per molecule of glucose consumed in glycolysis?

A

four

40
Q

What are the stages of glycolysis

A 
1st Phosphorylation
Isomerization
2nd Phosphorylation
Cleavage + isomerization
Oxidative phosphorylation
1st Transfer of phosphate to ADP
Molecular rearrangement 
Dehydration
2nd Transfer of phosphate to ADP
41
Q

Discuss glycolysis in aerobic conditions

A

Under aerobic conditions NAD+ is regenerated because NADH passes the electrons and the hydrogen atoms which it receives from glyceraldehyde-3-P through a system known as the electron transfer chain which combines them with molecular oxygen to form water

-The electron transfer system also generates ATP

42
Q

Discuss glycolysis in anaerobic conditions

A

In the absence of molecular oxygen (anaerobic conditions) NADH builds up because NAD+ cannot be regenerated

-If this situation persisted glycolysis would halt

43
Q

How is NAD+ regenerated?

A

In humans, NADH is re-oxidized by reducing

pyruvate to lactate

44
Q

What is a downside to the buildup of lactate as a result of regenerating NAD+?

A

It is this lactate that is responsible for muscle aches experienced after prolonged exercise!

45
Q

How does yeast regenerate NAD+?

A

To regenerate NAD+ it converts pyruvate to ethanol

Hence beer🍺

46
Q

What enzymes are key in how the rate of glycolysis is controlled?

A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. Phosphofructokinase
  3. Pyruvate kinase
47
Q

What does hexokinase do?

A

Catalyses: glucose → glucose-6-P

48
Q

What does phosphofructokinase do?

A

Catalyses: fructose-6-P → fructose-1,6-

bisphosphate

49
Q

What does pyruvate kinase do?

A

Catalyses: phosphoenolpyruvate → pyruvate

50
Q

What enzyme is the most important point at which glycolysis is regulated?

A

phosphofructokinase

51
Q

How does phosphofructokinase regulate the rate of glycolysis?

A
  1. High [ATP] allosterically inhibits the enzyme
  2. Low pH inhibits the enzyme (lactate accumulation)
  3. High [citric acid] inhibits
  4. High [fructose-6-P] stimulates the enzyme
52
Q

Why is the regulation of the rate of glycolysis important?

A

so that glucose stores are only drawn on when energy is required and when conditions will allow sugars to be broken down

53
Q

What else may regulate the rate of glycolysis?

A

the concentration of certain hormones

54
Q

How many types of amino acids are there in the body?

A

20

55
Q

How many ketone bodies are keto acids?

A

2 Ketone bodies are keto acids, one is not

56
Q

What are keto acids useful for?

A

Transamination

57
Q

What enzyme converts glucose to glucose-6-P?

A

Hexokinase

58
Q

How much ATP is used vs created in glycolysis?

A

2ATP used
4ATP created
Per glucose consumed

59
Q

What causes lactate acidosis?

A

The protons released by ATP -> ADP

Semester 2 Year 1 (82 decks)

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