Introduction To The Human Body Flashcards
Physiology
Is the science of the body’s functions
Pathology
Is the study of disease’s
Levels of organization
Atomic Molecular Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism
Cells
Are the basic structural and functional units of and organism there are many different kinds of cells in the body.
210 different kinds of cells can be seen under light microscopy
Tissues
Are groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function
Four basic types of tissues
Epithelium
Muscle
Connective tissue
Nerves
Organs
Are structures composed of two or more different types of tissues
Skin
Contains epithelium tissue, connective tissue, nerves, muscle
Organ system
Consists of related organs with a common function, there are 11 organ systems in the body.
Organism
Consist of a collection of organ systems
Six important life processes
Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction
Metabolism
Sum of all the catabolic breaking down and anabolic building up chemical processes that occur in the body
Responsiveness
The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes which might represent an opportunity or a threat.
Ex: Decrease in body temperature, Responding to sound, Nerve electrical signals and Muscle contracting.
Movement
Any motion, including movement of tiny sub cellular structures or movement inside cells or organs, leg muscles move from one place to another.
Growth
An increase in body size due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells or both. In bone growth materials between cells increase.
Differentiation
Development of cell from an unspecialized to specialized state.
Cells have specialized structures and functions that differ from precursor cells
Stem cells
Give rise to cells that undergo differentiation.
Reproduction
Formation of new cells : Growth, Repair or Replacement or the production of a new individual.
Homeostasis
A condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment.
Meant to keep body functions in the narrow range compatible with maintaining life.
Blood glucose levels
Range between 70 and 110 mg of glucose/dL of blood.
pH of Blood
Maintained between 7.35-7.45
Control of homeostasis is constantly being challenged by:
Physical insults such as heat or lack of oxygen.
Changes in the environment such as drop in blood glucose due to lack of food.
Physiological stress such as demands of work or school disruptions can be mild if balance is quickly restored.
Intense disruptions are often prolonged and result in disease poisoning or severe infections or death.
Feedback system
Body is monitored and re-monitored both internally and externally.
Feed backs three basic components.
Receptor
Control center
Effector
Receptor
Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition. Has specialized nerve endings in the skin that act as temperature receptors that causes the nerve to fire in response to temperature changes.
Control center
Sets the range of values to be maintained, and that usually done by the brain. Evaluates input received from receptors and generates an output command.
Output
Involves nerve impulses, hormones, or other chemical agents.
Effector
Receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
.
Negative feedback system
Reverses a change in a controlled condition. and regulation of body temperature.
Positive feedback
Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions Ex: normal chid birth
Integumentary system
Consist of: Skin, Hair, Nails and Glands
Protects the body, regulates temperature and eliminates waste through sweat and other secretions.
Skeletal system
Bones, Joints
Provides protection and support
Houses cells that will become Red blood cells, White blood cells and Platelets.
Muscular system
Consist of skeletal muscles as well as smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Participates with the skeletal system to move and maintain posture generates heat helps to maintain a constant body temperature.
Nervous system
Consist of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs. Responds to the body’s conditions through nerve impulses.
Endocrine system
Consist of hormone producing cells and glands scattered throughout the body regulate the body by releasing hormones in the blood.
Cardiovascular system
Consist of the Heart, Blood and Blood vessels carries blood and nutrients to specific locations regulates body temperature and water balance.
Lymphatic system
Consist of lymphatic fluid, Lymph nodes, and Lymphocytes associated with the tonsils, spleen and thymus gland. Transports fats and proteins to the cardiovascular system, filters blood and protects against disease.
Respiratory system
Consists of the upper airways the Trachea, and major Bronchi and the lungs extracts O2 and eliminates CO2 in conjunction with the kidneys,
Regulates acid/base balance.
Digestive system
Consist of the Esophagus, Stomach and Intestines and the accessory digestive glands like the : Salivary glands, Liver, and Gallbladder chemically and physically breakdown food and eliminate waste.
Integration
Many systems working together
Anatomical position
Facing forward feet flat arms to the side palms facing forward
Prone
Face down
Supine
Face up
Superior
Above, top toward the head
Inferior
Below, bottom, away from head
Anterior ventral
The front of the body
Posterior dorsal
The back of the body
Caudad
Toward the tail
Cephalad
Toward the head
Medial
Towards the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Proximal
Nearest to the trunk of the body
Distal
Furthest away from the trunk of the body
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body
Contralateral
Opposite side of the body
Superficial
Towards the surface
Deep
Towards the core of the body
Visceral
Pertaining to covering of a organ
Parietal
Pertaining to covering against a wall cavity
Sagittal
Midline
Transverse
Horizontal
Frontal
Coronal
Midsagittal plane
Divides the body into two mirror halves
Parasagittal planes
To the right and left of the midsagittal that divide the body into unequal halves
Anatomy
Is the study of the body’s structure
