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Medical Terms > Introduction To The Human Body > Flashcards

Introduction To The Human Body Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Physiology

A

Is the science of the body’s functions

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2
Q

Pathology

A

Is the study of disease’s

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3
Q

Levels of organization

A 
Atomic
Molecular
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
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4
Q

Cells

A

Are the basic structural and functional units of and organism there are many different kinds of cells in the body.

210 different kinds of cells can be seen under light microscopy

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5
Q

Tissues

A

Are groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function

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6
Q

Four basic types of tissues

A

Epithelium
Muscle
Connective tissue
Nerves

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7
Q

Organs

A

Are structures composed of two or more different types of tissues

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8
Q

Skin

A

Contains epithelium tissue, connective tissue, nerves, muscle

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9
Q

Organ system

A

Consists of related organs with a common function, there are 11 organ systems in the body.

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10
Q

Organism

A

Consist of a collection of organ systems

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11
Q

Six important life processes

A 
Metabolism
Responsiveness 
Movement
Growth
Differentiation 
Reproduction
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12
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all the catabolic breaking down and anabolic building up chemical processes that occur in the body

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13
Q

Responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes which might represent an opportunity or a threat.

Ex: Decrease in body temperature, Responding to sound, Nerve electrical signals and Muscle contracting.

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14
Q

Movement

A

Any motion, including movement of tiny sub cellular structures or movement inside cells or organs, leg muscles move from one place to another.

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15
Q

Growth

A

An increase in body size due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells or both. In bone growth materials between cells increase.

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16
Q

Differentiation

A

Development of cell from an unspecialized to specialized state.

Cells have specialized structures and functions that differ from precursor cells

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17
Q

Stem cells

A

Give rise to cells that undergo differentiation.

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18
Q

Reproduction

A

Formation of new cells : Growth, Repair or Replacement or the production of a new individual.

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19
Q

Homeostasis

A

A condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment.

Meant to keep body functions in the narrow range compatible with maintaining life.

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20
Q

Blood glucose levels

A

Range between 70 and 110 mg of glucose/dL of blood.

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21
Q

pH of Blood

A

Maintained between 7.35-7.45

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22
Q

Control of homeostasis is constantly being challenged by:

A

Physical insults such as heat or lack of oxygen.

Changes in the environment such as drop in blood glucose due to lack of food.

Physiological stress such as demands of work or school disruptions can be mild if balance is quickly restored.

Intense disruptions are often prolonged and result in disease poisoning or severe infections or death.

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23
Q

Feedback system

A

Body is monitored and re-monitored both internally and externally.

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24
Q

Feed backs three basic components.

A

Receptor
Control center
Effector

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25
Q

Receptor

A

Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition. Has specialized nerve endings in the skin that act as temperature receptors that causes the nerve to fire in response to temperature changes.

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26
Q

Control center

A

Sets the range of values to be maintained, and that usually done by the brain. Evaluates input received from receptors and generates an output command.

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27
Q

Output

A

Involves nerve impulses, hormones, or other chemical agents.

28
Q

Effector

A

Receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.

.

29
Q

Negative feedback system

A

Reverses a change in a controlled condition. and regulation of body temperature.

30
Q

Positive feedback

A

Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions Ex: normal chid birth

31
Q

Integumentary system

A

Consist of: Skin, Hair, Nails and Glands

Protects the body, regulates temperature and eliminates waste through sweat and other secretions.

32
Q

Skeletal system

A

Bones, Joints

Provides protection and support

Houses cells that will become Red blood cells, White blood cells and Platelets.

33
Q

Muscular system

A

Consist of skeletal muscles as well as smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Participates with the skeletal system to move and maintain posture generates heat helps to maintain a constant body temperature.

34
Q

Nervous system

A

Consist of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs. Responds to the body’s conditions through nerve impulses.

35
Q

Endocrine system

A

Consist of hormone producing cells and glands scattered throughout the body regulate the body by releasing hormones in the blood.

36
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Consist of the Heart, Blood and Blood vessels carries blood and nutrients to specific locations regulates body temperature and water balance.

37
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Consist of lymphatic fluid, Lymph nodes, and Lymphocytes associated with the tonsils, spleen and thymus gland. Transports fats and proteins to the cardiovascular system, filters blood and protects against disease.

38
Q

Respiratory system

A

Consists of the upper airways the Trachea, and major Bronchi and the lungs extracts O2 and eliminates CO2 in conjunction with the kidneys,
Regulates acid/base balance.

39
Q

Digestive system

A

Consist of the Esophagus, Stomach and Intestines and the accessory digestive glands like the : Salivary glands, Liver, and Gallbladder chemically and physically breakdown food and eliminate waste.

40
Q

Integration

A

Many systems working together

41
Q

Anatomical position

A

Facing forward feet flat arms to the side palms facing forward

42
Q

Prone

A

Face down

43
Q

Supine

A

Face up

44
Q

Superior

A

Above, top toward the head

45
Q

Inferior

A

Below, bottom, away from head

46
Q

Anterior ventral

A

The front of the body

47
Q

Posterior dorsal

A

The back of the body

48
Q

Caudad

A

Toward the tail

49
Q

Cephalad

A

Toward the head

50
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

51
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

52
Q

Proximal

A

Nearest to the trunk of the body

53
Q

Distal

A

Furthest away from the trunk of the body

54
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of the body

55
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side of the body

56
Q

Superficial

A

Towards the surface

57
Q

Deep

A

Towards the core of the body

58
Q

Visceral

A

Pertaining to covering of a organ

59
Q

Parietal

A

Pertaining to covering against a wall cavity

60
Q

Sagittal

A

Midline

61
Q

Transverse

A

Horizontal

62
Q

Frontal

A

Coronal

63
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Divides the body into two mirror halves

64
Q

Parasagittal planes

A

To the right and left of the midsagittal that divide the body into unequal halves

65
Q

Anatomy

A

Is the study of the body’s structure

Medical Terms (16 decks)

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