introduction to the human body Flashcards

1
Q

importance of studying ANP

A

physiology is the study of, while anatomy describes the structures of the body (ie what they are made of, location, associated structures). physiology is the fx, while anatomy is the strx, and the fx is dictated by the strx, and the strx tells you what it does (the fx.)

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2
Q

major levels of organization in organisms

A

molecule/chemical (different atoms) –> cell (nucleus) –> tissue (different cells) –> organs (2+ tissues) –> organ systems –> organisms

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3
Q

four major tissue types

A

epithelia, connective, muscular, and nervous

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4
Q

eleven organ systems

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive

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5
Q

integumentary system

A

strx. = is the skin and is the largest organ in body
fx.=- protects and maintains a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal enviornment

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6
Q

skeletal system

A

strx = bones and CT
fx = bodys central framework

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7
Q

muscular system

A

strx = muscles
fx = contractibility, which that allows the body to move

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8
Q

lymphatic system

A

strx = bone marrow, lymph node, thymus
fx = group of organs, vessels and tissues that protect you from infection and keep a healthy balance of fluids in your body

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9
Q

respiratory system

A

strx = nose, mouth, throat, voice box, windpipe, and lungs
fx = exchange gas (ie air) throughout the body while removing waste gases (ie CO2)

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10
Q

digestive system

A

strx = gastrointestinal tract (GI), liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
fx = breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body

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11
Q

nervous system

A

strx = nerves, brain, and spinal cord
fx = sends messages and signals back and forth throughout the body

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12
Q

endocrine system

A

strx = hormones in the body
fx = regulated all biological process in the body from conception through adulthood into old age

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13
Q

cardiovascular system

A

strx = heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
fx = work together to provide adequate blood flow to all part of the body

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14
Q

urinary system

A

strx = bladder, kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder and urethra
fx = eliminate waste from the body

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15
Q

reproductive system

A

strx = uterus, vagina, penis, falopian tubes
fx = to produce egg and sperm cells

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16
Q

homeostasis

A

all body systems working together to maintain a stable environment; ie hunger or sweating

state of equilibrium; failure results in disease or death

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17
Q

why is homeostasis important

A

systems respond to external and internal changes to fx within a normal range and if they go above or below that normal range it can lead to disease, coma or death

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18
Q

two mechanism of regulation

A

intrinsic and extrinsic; both equal ways of getting parameters to homeostasis

19
Q

intrinsic regulation (aka auto-regulation)

A
  • automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change
  • only works locally (local responses) but never in the nervous or endocrine system
  • ex. O2 levels in the individual cells
20
Q

extrinsic regulation

A
  • responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems (systemic responses, uses one or both)
  • whole body
  • ex. O2 level in the entire body
21
Q

components of homeostatic mechanisms

A
  1. receptor - usually a protein but not always
    – detects the stimulus
    – strx. that detects says “hey there is something wrong here”
  2. control center - sometimes nerves or chemicals
    – receives signal and send instructions
    – single cell, group of cells, organs, etc.
    – receives info that was detected by receptor; process info to form instructions on how to fix the process
  3. effector - molecule, cell group of cells etc.
    – carries out the instructions with the goal to regulate the original stimulus
    EX. BP is to high –> effector will try to negate us back to normal range
22
Q

negative feedback loop

A
  • the response of the effector negates the stimulus
  • body is brought back to homeostasis
  • normal range is achieved
  • more common
    ie. BP or Heart Rate to high/low
23
Q

positive feedback loop

A
  • the response of the effector increases or enhances change of the stimulus
  • body is moved away from homeostasis
  • normal range is lose, taking a parameter father away from homeostasis for the benefit of speeding things up
  • less common
    ie. birthing process, blood clotting, nursing young
24
Q

purpose of feedback loops

A

to regulate the body and bring it back to homeostasis

25
anatomical position
hands at side, palms forward
26
supine
lying down, face up (not in anatomical position)
27
prone
lying down, face down (not in anatomical position)
28
right
towards the body's right side
29
left
towards the body's left side
30
inferior
lower or below ie. nose is inferior to the forehead
31
superior
higher or above ie. the mouth is inferior to the chin
32
anterior
toward the front of the body ie. teeth are anterior to the throat
33
posterior
towards the back of the body ie. the brain is posterior to the eyes
34
dorsal
toward the back (synonymous with posterior) ie. the spine is dorsal to the breastbone
35
ventral
toward the belly (synonymous with anterior) ie. the navel is ventral to the spine
36
proximal
closer to the point of attachment when talking about limbs ie. the elbow is proximal to thw wrist
37
lateral
away from the midline of the body ie. the nipple is lateral to the breastbone
38
medial
toward the middle or midline of the body ie. the bridge of the nose ie medial to the eyes
39
superficial
toward or on the surface ie. the skin is superficial to the muscle
40
deep
away from the surface, internal ie. the lungs are deep to the ribs
41
frontal plane
- coronal - anterior vs. posterior - ventral vs. dorsal
42
transverse plane
- horizontal - superior vs. inferior
43
sagittal plane
unequal right vs. left
44
mid-sagittal
equal left vs. right