introduction to the human body Flashcards
importance of studying ANP
physiology is the study of, while anatomy describes the structures of the body (ie what they are made of, location, associated structures). physiology is the fx, while anatomy is the strx, and the fx is dictated by the strx, and the strx tells you what it does (the fx.)
major levels of organization in organisms
molecule/chemical (different atoms) –> cell (nucleus) –> tissue (different cells) –> organs (2+ tissues) –> organ systems –> organisms
four major tissue types
epithelia, connective, muscular, and nervous
eleven organ systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive
integumentary system
strx. = is the skin and is the largest organ in body
fx.=- protects and maintains a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal enviornment
skeletal system
strx = bones and CT
fx = bodys central framework
muscular system
strx = muscles
fx = contractibility, which that allows the body to move
lymphatic system
strx = bone marrow, lymph node, thymus
fx = group of organs, vessels and tissues that protect you from infection and keep a healthy balance of fluids in your body
respiratory system
strx = nose, mouth, throat, voice box, windpipe, and lungs
fx = exchange gas (ie air) throughout the body while removing waste gases (ie CO2)
digestive system
strx = gastrointestinal tract (GI), liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
fx = breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body
nervous system
strx = nerves, brain, and spinal cord
fx = sends messages and signals back and forth throughout the body
endocrine system
strx = hormones in the body
fx = regulated all biological process in the body from conception through adulthood into old age
cardiovascular system
strx = heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
fx = work together to provide adequate blood flow to all part of the body
urinary system
strx = bladder, kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder and urethra
fx = eliminate waste from the body
reproductive system
strx = uterus, vagina, penis, falopian tubes
fx = to produce egg and sperm cells
homeostasis
all body systems working together to maintain a stable environment; ie hunger or sweating
state of equilibrium; failure results in disease or death
why is homeostasis important
systems respond to external and internal changes to fx within a normal range and if they go above or below that normal range it can lead to disease, coma or death
two mechanism of regulation
intrinsic and extrinsic; both equal ways of getting parameters to homeostasis
intrinsic regulation (aka auto-regulation)
- automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change
- only works locally (local responses) but never in the nervous or endocrine system
- ex. O2 levels in the individual cells
extrinsic regulation
- responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems (systemic responses, uses one or both)
- whole body
- ex. O2 level in the entire body
components of homeostatic mechanisms
- receptor - usually a protein but not always
– detects the stimulus
– strx. that detects says “hey there is something wrong here” - control center - sometimes nerves or chemicals
– receives signal and send instructions
– single cell, group of cells, organs, etc.
– receives info that was detected by receptor; process info to form instructions on how to fix the process - effector - molecule, cell group of cells etc.
– carries out the instructions with the goal to regulate the original stimulus
EX. BP is to high –> effector will try to negate us back to normal range
negative feedback loop
- the response of the effector negates the stimulus
- body is brought back to homeostasis
- normal range is achieved
- more common
ie. BP or Heart Rate to high/low
positive feedback loop
- the response of the effector increases or enhances change of the stimulus
- body is moved away from homeostasis
- normal range is lose, taking a parameter father away from homeostasis for the benefit of speeding things up
- less common
ie. birthing process, blood clotting, nursing young
purpose of feedback loops
to regulate the body and bring it back to homeostasis
anatomical position
hands at side, palms forward
supine
lying down, face up (not in anatomical position)
prone
lying down, face down (not in anatomical position)
right
towards the body’s right side
left
towards the body’s left side
inferior
lower or below
ie. nose is inferior to the forehead
superior
higher or above
ie. the mouth is inferior to the chin
anterior
toward the front of the body
ie. teeth are anterior to the throat
posterior
towards the back of the body
ie. the brain is posterior to the eyes
dorsal
toward the back (synonymous with posterior)
ie. the spine is dorsal to the breastbone
ventral
toward the belly (synonymous with anterior)
ie. the navel is ventral to the spine
proximal
closer to the point of attachment when talking about limbs
ie. the elbow is proximal to thw wrist
lateral
away from the midline of the body
ie. the nipple is lateral to the breastbone
medial
toward the middle or midline of the body
ie. the bridge of the nose ie medial to the eyes
superficial
toward or on the surface
ie. the skin is superficial to the muscle
deep
away from the surface, internal
ie. the lungs are deep to the ribs
frontal plane
- coronal
- anterior vs. posterior
- ventral vs. dorsal
transverse plane
- horizontal
- superior vs. inferior
sagittal plane
unequal right vs. left
mid-sagittal
equal left vs. right
