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anatomy & physiology I > bone structure and development > Flashcards

bone structure and development Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal system consists of

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissue that stabilize or interconnect bones

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2
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. support and framework
    - structural support for body
    - attachment for soft tissues and organs
  2. protection
    - bone is hard; protects organ it surrounds
  3. leverage, movement
    - forces generated by muscle, move bones
    - * tendons (CT) attach muscles to bone (contract –> shorten –> tension –> enough tension pulls on tendon then bone to create movement
    - joints form where bones come together
  4. hemopoiesis - process by which you make blood cells
    - occurs in RBW in bone cavaities
  5. storage of minerals and lipids
    - lipids (E reserves) found in yellow bone marrow
    - minerals (Ca and phosphate ions) stored in bone matrix
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3
Q

axial skeleton

A

midline

  1. skull - cranium and face
  2. thoracic cage - sternum and ribs (12 pairs)
  3. vertebral column - cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5) ; sacral bone (1); coccygeal bone (1)
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4
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of upper and lower limbs; limbs + girdles that attach limbs to axial

  1. pectoral girdle (2 scapulae and 2 clavicles)
  2. pelvic girdle (right and left coxae join each other anteriorly and sacrum posteriorly
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5
Q

connective tissue

A

bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

  • matrix contains: collagen, proteoglycan (ground substance), and other organic molecules plus water and minerals
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6
Q

collagen

A

tough, ropelike fiber

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7
Q

proteoglycans

A

large molecules consisting of polysaccharides attached to core proteins
- good shock absorber (cartilage)
- attract and retain large amounts of water between polysaccharide (ions= hard –> bone)

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8
Q

long bones

A
  • long and slender
  • arms, forearm, thigh, leg, palms, soles, fingers, toes
  • femur is largest and heaviest
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9
Q

flat bones

A
  • thin roughly parallel surfaces
  • form. roof of skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae
  • provide protection and large surface area for muscle attachment
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10
Q

sutural bones

A
  • wormian bones
  • small, flat, irregularly shaped bones,
  • bones of the skull
  • range in size: grain of sand - quarter
  • like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle
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11
Q

irregular bones

A

-complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or surfaces
- spinal vertebrae, bones of pelvis, several skull bones (ethmoid and sphenoid)

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12
Q

short bones

A
  • small and boxy
  • carpal and tarsal
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13
Q

sesamoid bones

A
  • generally small, flat, shaped like sesame seed
  • develop inside tendons
  • near joints at knee, hands and feet
  • all have patellae, others vary from individual to individual
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14
Q

bone markings

A

help to determine size, age, sex, and general appearance of an individual
- elevations or projections (form where tendons and ligaments attach and at articulations - at a joint)
- depressions, grooves, and tunnels (foramen - where BVs or nerves lie or penetrate bone)

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15
Q

general features of a long bone

A
  1. diaphysis - general shaft
  2. epiphysis - at ends of diaphysis
  3. epiphyseal plate = growth plate (cartilage)
    - in growing bones; growing in length
    - * composed of cartilage between each epiphysis and diaphysis
    - when growth stops, replaced by bone = epiphyseal line (bones cannot grow anymore when this forms, no more cartilage)
  4. medullary cavity - cavities in bone filled with marrow
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16
Q

marrow

A

soft tissue

  • yellow marrow: mostly of fat
  • red marrow: consists of blood-forming cells; only site of blood formation in adults

children have more marrow because as you age red is replaced with yellow

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17
Q

diaphysis

A
  • consists of compact bone: dense
  • solid
  • forms sturdy protective layer that surround a central space (medullary cavity = marrow cavity)
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18
Q

epiphysis

A
  • consists of spongy bone = cancellous bone = trabecular bone
  • open network/latticework with thin covering (cortex = compact bone = cortical one)
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19
Q

compact bone

A
  • dense, composes diaphysis, outer surfaces
  • lamellae: organized into sets of concentric rings surrounding a central canal - ring of bone matrix
  • central canal - site of BVs which interact w vessels of peri- and endosteum
  • blood vessels located inside
  • osteon
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20
Q

osteons

A
  • smallest functional unit of a compact bone
  • contains central canal, surround lamellae, and osteocytes which are house in lacunae
  • osteocytes in lacunae connected to each other via cell processes in canaliculi
21
Q

cancellous bone

A
  • spongy bone due to appearance
  • located mainly in epiphysis of long bones and forms interior of all other
  • blood vessels located on outside
  • lighter than compact bone
  • framework of trabeculae supports and protects cells of bone marrow
22
Q

trabeculae

A

delicate interconnecting rods or plate of bone: resemble scaffolding
- spaces between filled with marrow (red & yellow)
- each consist of several lamellae with ostecytes between lamellae
- no BV penetrate; no central canal!
- nutrients exit vessels in marrow and pass by diffusion through canaliculi to osteocytes of trabeculae

23
Q

periosteum

A
  • dense CT covering outer bone except at articulations
  • provide route for blood vessels and nerves
  • actively participates in bone growth and repair
  • never cover articular cartilage
24
Q

endosteum

A
  • lines surface of medullary cavity [in bone]
  • surround trabecular bone
  • thinner CT
  • actively participates in bone growth, repair, and remodeling
25
Q

cells in bone

A

osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

26
Q

osteoprogenitor

A

bone stems cells (stage 1); divide and differentiate into osteoblasts

located in periosteum, endosteum, and lining of passageways containing BVs which penetrate compact bone

27
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells (stage 2); make and release protein and other organics of matrix; trigger deposition of calcium salts to matrix (Ca + phosphate)

once surrounded by matrix they help to create and mature into osteocytes

28
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells (stage 3); maintain protein and mineral content of matrix

can not divide: can regress to earlier form

29
Q

osteoclasts

A

stage 4; break down bone matrix with acids and proteolytic enzymes (break down proteins - collagen); release Ca and P back into circulation (out of bone matrix)

when no longer surrounded by matrix they regress back to osteoblast

you need osteoblast activity to = osteoclast activity in order to have healthy bones

30
Q

lamellae

A
  • thin sheets of extracellular matrix
  • forms bone
  • osteocytes located between lamellae
31
Q

lacunae

A

spaces that house osteocytes

32
Q

canaliculi

A
  • tiny canals
  • house cell precesses that extend from osteocytes across extracellular matrix of lamellae
  • run through bone matrix and allow for diffusion of gasses and nutrients
33
Q

ossification

A

formation of bone by osteoblasts; osteoblast surrounded by matrix becomes osteocytes

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

34
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

occurs within CT membranes; start with generalized CT membrane and results in formation of skull cap bones

  • fake existing CT and replace w bone
  • uses osteoblasts
  • occurs in utero
35
Q

endochondral ossification

A

occurs on cartilage model; starts with cartilage model (hyaline; shape of bone model) and results in formation of all other bones (not skull)

  • fake existing CT and replace w bone
  • uses osteoblasts
  • occurs in utero
36
Q

bone growth in length

A
  • increases height in individuals
  • occurs in epiphyseal plate
  • chondrocytes increase in number on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate
  • line columns parallel in long axis of bone, causes elongation
  • cartilage removed by osteoclasts and replaced by osteoblasts
  • osteoblasts form lamellae on surface of calcified cartilage
  • produces bone on diaphyseal side of EP
  1. diaphyseal side of GP - osteoblasts sit on existing cartilage… replace bone matrix at cancellous 1st… can get remodeled to compact bone
  2. epiphyseal side of GP - chondrocytes (cartilage cells) are going to grow and divide
37
Q

bone growth through mid twenties

A

@ GP from puberty to age 25 osteoblast activity > osteocyte activity to allow GP to eventually close/convert to epiphyseal line

prior to puberty @ GP see osteoblast activity = osteocyte activity to allow bone to grow in length while maintains growth plate

38
Q

bone growth in diameter

A
  • primarily see osteoblasts within periosteum forming bone matrix radiating outward –> overall diameter grows
  • osteoclasts within endosteum “eating” away at inner, existing bone –> to increase diameter of medullary cavity
  • diameter of entire bone relatively constant with medullary cavity
39
Q

bone remodeling

A
  • occurs in all bone
  • depends on balance between bone formation and resorption (between osteoblasts and osteoclasts)
  • newly formed cancellous bone in epiphyseal plate remodeled to form compact bone
  • responsible for changes in bone shape, adjustment to stress, bone repair and calcium ion regulation in body fluids
40
Q

bone remodeling… if to much bone is deposited

A
  • bones become thick
  • have abnormal spurs or lumps; can interfere with normal function
41
Q

bone remodeling…if too little bone formation or to much bone removed

A
  • weakens bone
  • susceptible to fracture
  • loss of mass can occur quickly, within 3 wks of inactivity, can loos 1/3 of mass
42
Q

bones and calcium homeostasis

A
  • bone is major storage site for Ca
  • movement of Ca into and out of bone helps determine blood calcium levels (regulated by hormones)
  • Ca moves into bone as osteoblasts build new bone
  • Ca moves out of bone as osteoclasts break down bone
43
Q

when blood calcium level are too low

A
  • osteoclast activity increases
  • calcium released by osteoclast from bone into blood
  • blood calcium levels are restored
44
Q

when blood calcium levels are too high

A
  • osteoclast activity decreases
  • osteoblast activity increases
  • calcium taken from blood by osteoblasts to produce new bone
  • blood calcium level decrease
45
Q

calcium homeostasis: PTH

A

parathyroid hormone - increases blood Ca levels
- stimulates increased bone breakdown; increases blood Ca levels
- stimulates osteoclast activity
- increases Ca reabsorption from urine to kidneys
- stimulates kidneys to form vitamine D
- decreasing blood Ca levels stimulates PTH secretion

46
Q

calcium homeostasis: calcitonin

A

secreted from thyroid - decreases blood Ca levels
- inhibits osteoclast activity
- increases rate of excretion of Ca ions at kidneys
- decreases blood Ca level
- increasing blood Ca levels stimulates calcitonin secretion

47
Q

osteopenia

A
  • inadequate ossification
  • part of natural aging process
  • reduction in bone mass occurs between ages 30-40
  • osteoblast activity begins to decline while osteoclast activity remains normal
  • women lose it faster than men
  • epiphyses, vertebrae and jaws loose more mass than other
  • results in fragile limbs, reduction in height and loss of teeth
48
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • condition when reduction in bone mass leads to compromise normal functioning
    ie hip fracture due to standing
  • in women, condition accelerates after menopause due to decline in circulating estrogens; estrogens stimulates osteoblasts
  • develops in secondary effect with many cancers which release many chemicals: osteoclast-activating factor

this is not apart of the normal aging process it is a matter of severity

49
Q
A

anatomy & physiology I (5 decks)

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