Introduction to the Clinical Laboratory Flashcards
Requisition
clinical form to order specific laboratory tests
Report
Clinical or special form to write the results of lab tests
Anticoagulant
a chemical substance that prevents blood coagulation like EDTA, sodium citrate, heparin, potassium oxalate
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA’88)
Federal act regulates all laboratory testing (except research) performed on humans in the U.S. specifies minimum performance standard for clinical laboratory
Accessioning
the process by which the specimens are logged in, labeled and assigned identification number of each specimen in the lab.
Point of Care Test (POCT)
testing outside the laboratory setting, like bedside testing, near patient testing
Proficiency Testing (PT)
program in which laboratory accuracy in performing analysis is evaluated at regular intervals and compared to the performance of similar laboratory
Quality Assessment (QA)
program monitors the total testing process with the aim of providing the highest quality patient care
Reference Laboratory
an independent regional laboratory that offers routine and specialized testing services to hospitals and physicians
Waived Test
a category of test defined under CLIA 88 as being simple to perform and having an insignificant risk of error
Medical Science
is the science which deals with the treatment of diseases
Medical Technology
Consists of the services rendered to patients by the performance of tests in a medical laboratory
Medical Laboratory Technologist (MLT)
means a person who, under general supervision, performs tests that require the exercise of independent judgement
Medical Laboratory Technician (Laboratory Assistant) (MLA)
person who, under direct supervision, performs laboratory tests which require basic technical skill and knowledge and do not require the exercise of independent judgement
Laboratory Departments (7)
Hematology Clinical Chemistry Histology Microbiology Immunology (serology) Blood Bank (immuno-hematology) Cytology
Hematology Laboratory Department
Involves the study of blood and blood forming tissues, includes blood cell counts, identification of cell types, and the clotting ability of the blood.
Most tests are performed on whole blood through coagulation testing is done on plasma
White Blood Cell Count (WBC)
Which lab dept?
Hematology
Red Blood Cell (RBC)
Which lab dept?
Hematology
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Which Lab dept?
Hematology
Hematocrit (Hct or PCV)
Which lab dept?
hematology
White blood cell differential (diff)
Which lab dept?
hematology
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Which lab dept?
hematology
Prothrombin time (PT)
Which lab dept?
hematology
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) or Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)
Which Lab dept?
hematology
Reticulocytes count
Which lab dept?
hematology
Clinical Chemistry
conducts tests that involve detecting the presence of chemical substances or determining the amount of substances present in body fluids.
Most testing is performed on serum, however whole blood, plasma, urine, feces and other fluids such as CSF may be tested
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Which lab dept?
Clinical Chemistry
Glucose
Which lab dept?
Clinical chemistry
liver function
Which lab dept?
clinical chemistry
Calcium (Ca)
Which lab dept?
Clinical chemistry
Phosphorus (P)
Which lab dept?
clinical chemistry
Kidney function
Which lab dept?
Clinical chemistry
Total protein - Albumin-globulin
Which lab dept?
Clinical chemistry
Cholesterol
Which lab dept?
clinical chemistry
Triglycerides
Which lab dept?
clinical chemistry
uric acid
Which lab dept?
clinical chemistry
lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) Which lab dept?
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
bilirubin
Which lab dept?
clinical chemistry
electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride)
Which lab dept?
clinical chemistry
LD isoenzymes
Which lab dept?
clinical chemistry
17-KS
Which lab dept?
clinical chemistry
HBA1C
Which lab dept?
clinical chemistry
lipoprotein electrophoresis
Which lab dept?
clinical chemistry
FOB (fecal occult blood)
Which lab dept?
clinic chemistry
urinalysis
Which lab dept?
in a sub-department of clinical chemistry
Histology Laboratory department
responsible for the microscopic study of body tissue to detect disease.
Tissue samples from any body part may be examined.
Biopsy studies
Which lab dept?
histology
tissue analysis
Which lab dept?
histology
Microbiology laboratory department
involves the study of micro-organisms, in particular, pathogens that may be present in specimens taken from the body.
Tests may be performed on urine, feces, swabs like urethral or vaginal discharge, blood or other body fluids such as sputum.
Culture and susceptibility (C&S) for bacteria
Which lab dept?
microbiology
ova and parasites (O&P) for detection of worms and other parasites
Which lab dept?
microbiology
swabs or body fluids for viral detection
Which lab dept?
microbiology
skin scrapings, nail clippings or sputum for detection of fungi
Which lab dept?
microbiology
(Immunology) serology department
involves studying antigen-antibody reactions to assess the presence of a substance and/or determine the presence of disease.
Tests are usually performed on serum
Rheumatoid factor (RA)
Which lab dept?
immunology serology
hepatitis associated antigen
Which lab dept?
immunology serology
anti-streptolysin O titter (ASOT)
Which lab dept?
immunology serology
Serum pregnancy tests
Which lab dept?
immunology serology
Heterophil antibodies (mono testing)
Which lab dept?
immunology serology
Transfusion medicine
-Blood bank (immuno-hematology) laboratory department
examines the antigen antibody reactions that occur within the red blood cells,
The preferred specimen for testing is clotted blood (red-topped vacuum tube)
ABO group
Which lab dept?
blood bank (immuno-hematology)
Rh typing
Which lab dept?
blood bank (immuno-hematology)
Rh antibody titter
Which lab dept?
blood bank (immuno-hematology)
cross match
Which lab dept?
blood bank (immu uno-hematology)
cold agglutinins
Which lab dept?
BLOOD BANK (IMMUNO-HEMATOLOGY)
Direct coombs
Which lab dept?
blood bank (immuno-hematology)
Cytology laboratory department
Deals with the detection of abnormal cells found in blood fluids and secretions
PAP smear
Which lab dept?
cytology
chromosome studies
Which lab dept?
cytology
Requisition form must have the following:
- patient’s health card number and version code
- patient’s date of birth
- patient’s phone number
- patient’s first and last name
- patient’s gender
- patient’s address
- physician’s name and address
- requisitioning physician’s practitioner number
REQUISITION MUST BE SIGNED AND DATED by the physician, if a rubber stamp is used, handwritten initials of the physician is required
Hematocrit (Hct or PCV)
the ratio of red blood cells to total volume of whole blood; always presented in %
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
measures the rate at which RBCs settles at the bottom within an hour
-helps indicate inflammation
Prothrombin Time (PT)
measures the time it takes blood plasma to clot
Partial thromboplastin Time (PTT)
a test to assess your body’s ability to form blood clots WITHIN THE INTRINSIC SYSTEM
Activated Partial Thromboplastin (APTT)
A test to assess your body’s ability to form blood clots WITHIN THE EXTRINSIC SYSTEM
International Normalized Ratio(INR)
measured by using the prothrombin time test, it is a measurement of how long it takes blood plasma to clot.
-Higher the number, the longer it takes blood to clot.
Reticulocytes count
blood test that measures how fast red blood cells are developed by the bone marrow
Reticulocytes aka immature RBCs
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
checks kidney status by measuring the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood.
HBAIC
measures your average amount of blood glucose in the past 3 months
Lipid Profile
a panel of blood tests that checks your liver function by measuring cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides.
FOB( Fecal Occult Blood)
A test that checks for hidden blood in the stool
