INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY (EXAM1) Flashcards
Integumentary
– protects and cover the human body (hair, skin, glands)
Skeletal
– protects the body, provides attachment sites for muscles (bones and joints)
Muscular
– used to create movement of the body and within the body; generates heat (includes skeletal(voluntary) and smooth (involuntary) muscles of the body
Endocrine
– produces chemical messengers called hormones; hormones travel through the blood to affect distant organs (hypothalamus, pituitary), pancreas, thyroid gland
Nervous
– perceives the internal and external world; responds to our environment; creates thoughts and memories (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
Cardiovascular
– pumps around the body to distribute nutrients and remove waste (heart acts as the pump, blood vessels distribute blood)
Lymphatic
– transports excess fluid from tissues back into the blood; exposes fluid to immune system (lymphatic, vessels, lymph node, thymus, spleen)
Respiratory
– responsible for breathing; allows for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (includes nose, trachea, lungs)
Digestive
– Receives nutrients from our environment; physically and chemically breaks down food into components that can be absorbed into the blood (includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine)
Urinary
– filters blood to remove waste material in the urine (includes kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra)
Reproductive
– produces new offspring (for males includes penis, testes, scrotum, vas deferens, sperm) (for females vagina, ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, mammary glands)
Characterize the disciplines of anatomy and of physiology and explain how they are interrelated
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body and physiology is the study of how the body works (constructional organization is based on function)
Describe the structural level of organization of living things from chemical to organismal
organization of atoms and molecules to make proteins and other macromolecules
Describe the anatomical position and state its relevance
Used as point of reference when comparing the locations of different body parts; a person in the anatomical position is standing up right feet parallel forward and flat, arms to the side with palms facing forward and thumbs facing away from the body, head facing forward.
Define sagittal, transverse, coronal and oblique planes
Sagittal plane – divides body into left and right portions
Transverse – divides body to upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
Coronal/frontal – divides body to anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
Define the following directional terms: Anterior-posterior
front surface/back surface
Define the following directional terms: Dorsal-ventral
at the backside of the human body/bellyside of the human body
Define the following directional terms: Medial-lateral-intermediate
toward midline of the body/away from the midline/in between 2 lateral parts
Define the following directional terms: Superior-inferior
closer to the head/closer to the feet
Define the following directional terms: Caudal-cranial
at the rear or tail end/at the head end
Define the following directional terms: Deep-superficial
: away from body surface, more internal/toward or at body surface
Define the following directional terms: Proximal-distal
closest to the point of attachment to the trunk of the body/farther from the point of attachment to the trunk of the body
Define regional term: brachial
arm (bicep part)
Define regional term: pubic
genital part
