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ANATOMY LECTURE > ARTICULATIONS (EXAM1) > Flashcards

ARTICULATIONS (EXAM1) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the three structural classes of joints (fibrous joint)

A

Fibrous joint: bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue

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2
Q

Describe the three structural classes of joints (cartilaginous joint)

A

Cartilaginous joint: bones are joined together by cartilage

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3
Q

Describe the three structural classes of joints (synovial joint)

A

Synovial joint: fluid filled cavity separates articulating bones

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4
Q

Describe the three functional classes of joints (synarthrosis)

A

Synarthrosis: no movement allowed

-Such as between bones of skull

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5
Q

Describe the three functional classes of joints (amphiarthrosis)

A

Amphiarthrosis: slight movement

-Such as between radius and ulna

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6
Q

Describe the three functional classes of joints (diarthrosis)

A

Diarthrosis: freely moveable
- Most common type
Elbow, shoulder, knee, interphalangeal etc.

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7
Q

Describe gomphosis and give an example

A

resemble a peg in a socket, functionally synarthroses

Ex: tooth in alveolus of maxilla and mandible

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8
Q

Describe syndesmosis and give and example

A

Articulating bones joined by long strands of dense regular CT, Functionally are amphiarthroses.

ex: radius and ulna joined by the interosseous membrane

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9
Q

Describe sutures and give an example

A

found only between bones of the skull, when young sutures are functionally synarthroses

ex: As adults, dense regular CT becomes ossified
Joint is now called a synostoses

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10
Q

Describe synchondrosis and give an example

A

Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. All are functionally synarthroses (immovable)

ex: epiphyseal plate and ribs to sternum

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11
Q

Give symphysis and give an example

A

Bones are joined together by pad of fibrocartilage. Functionally are amphiarthroses.

ex: pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc

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12
Q

Describe the various components of a synovial joint (see powerpoint this motherfucker is hard)

A

Articular capsule (or joint capsule)

  • Double-layered capsule that surrounds joint
  • Fibrous layer – outer layer of dense regular CT
  • Synovial membrane – inner layer of areolar CT that lines cavity

Joint Cavity

  • Space between the bones
  • Contains synovial fluid

Synovial fluid

  • Secreted by synovial membranes
  • Functions
  • Lubricate bones

Ligaments
-Connect the bones and reinforce the joint

Tendons
-stretch across the joint to reinforce

Nerves and Blood Supply
-Innervate and nourish joint

Accessory Structures
-Bursa: sacs of fluid between ligaments, muscles, skin etc (alleviate friction)

Fat pads:filler material

Accessory Structures
- Tendon sheath
•Elongated bursa
•Wraps around tendon

SEE POWERPOINT

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13
Q

Define uniaxial movements

A

bone moves in one plane or axis

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14
Q

Define biaxial movements

A

movement in two planes

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15
Q

Define multiaxial movements

A

movement in all three planes

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16
Q

Describe the gliding movement

A

Bones slide back and forth or side to side against one another

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17
Q

Describe the flexion movement

A

decreases angle

ex: movement of forearm towards face

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18
Q

Describe the extension movement

A

increases angle

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19
Q

Describe the hyperextension movement

A

extension beyond straight line

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20
Q

Describe the abduction movement

A

lateral movement of limb away from midline

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21
Q

Describe the adduction movement

A

medial movement of limb towards midline

22
Q

Describe the rotation movement

A

Bone turns on its own long axis
Limb rotation
Lateral rotation – limb rotates away from midline
Medial rotation – limb rotates towards midline

23
Q

Describe the depression movement

A

inferior movement of body part
Ex: downward movement of mandible to open mouth
Ex: downward movement of shoulder

24
Q

Describe the elevation movement

A

superior movement of a body part

Ex: Closure of mouth or shrugging of shoulder

25
Q

Describe the supination movement

A

lateral rotation of forearm

26
Q

Describe the pronation movement

A

medial rotation of forearm

27
Q

Describe the dorsiflexion movement

A

movement of dorsal surface of foot or toes toward shin

ankle movement only

28
Q

Describe the plantar flexion movement

A

Toes are pointed inferiorly

Ex: ballerina on her toes

29
Q

Describe the eversion movement

A

soles of feet turned laterally

30
Q

Describe the inversion movement

A

soles of feet turned medially

31
Q

Describe the circumduction movement

A

proximal ends remains stationary while distal end makes circular or cone shaped motion

involves flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in sequence

32
Q

Describe the protraction movement

A

– anterior movement of body part

ex: sticking jaw(mandible) forward
ex: hunching shoulders

33
Q

Describe the retraction movement

A

posterior movement of body part

Ex: moving mandible backwards

34
Q

Describe the opposition movement

A

movement of thumb toward tips of other 4 fingers

35
Q

Know the location and function of the following joint components: tibial collateral ligament

A

Prevents lateral displacement of tibia (knee joint)

36
Q

Know the location and function of the following joint components: anular ligament

A

Surrounds neck of radius
Binds proximal head of radius to ulna
(elbow joint)

37
Q

Know the location and function of the following joint components: deltoid ligament

A

binds medial malleolus to medial side of tarsals
Prevents overeversion
Very strong and rarely tears
(talocural joint)

38
Q

Know the location and function of the following joint components: lateral ligament

A

Binds fibula to lateral side of foot
Prevents overinversion
Prone to tears and sprains
(talocural joint)

39
Q

Know the location and function of the following joint components: glenohumeral ligament

A

3 thickenings of anterior portion of joint capsule

(glenohumeral joint)

40
Q

Know the location and function of the following joint components: labrum of glenoid cavity

A

Ring of fibrocartilage

Encircles glenoid cavity to deepen socket

41
Q

Know the location and function of the following joint components: labrum of acetubulum

A

deepens socket (in your hip)

42
Q

Know the location and function of the following joint components: iliofemoral

A

anterior Y shaped ligament (tighten to stabilize) (hip joint)

43
Q

Know the location and function of the following joint components: ischiofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments

A

Ischiofemoral ligament – posterior ligament (tighten to stabilize)
Pubofemoral ligament – inferior region (tighten to stabilize)

both are hip joints

44
Q

Know the location and function of the following joint components: meniscus

A

C-shaped fibrocartilage on condyles of tibia, Create stabilizing pocket for condyles of femur

45
Q

Know the location and function of the following joint components: anterior cruciate ligament

A

(ACL) Attached to anterior aspect of the intercondylar eminence (tibia) and medial side of medial condyle of femur
Prevents forward sliding of tibia on femur

46
Q

Know the location and function of the following joint components: posterior cruciate ligament

A

(PCL)Attaches the posterior aspect of intercondylar area to lateral side of medial condyle. Prevents posterior backward displacement of tibia on femur

47
Q

Describe the following diseases: rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • Autoimmune disorder that triggers destruction of joint tissue
  • Starts with inflammation synovial membrane
  • Eventually articular cartilage and articulating bone erode
  • Scar tissue forms and bone ends fuse together
  • Treated with immune suppressants
48
Q

Describe the following diseases: osteoarthritis

A
  • Most common type of arthritis
  • Called “wear and tear” arthritis
  • Due to repeated use of joint which wears down articular cartilage
  • Degeneration of cartilage leads to bone surfaces to rub against each other
  • Most common in fingers, knuckles, hips, knees, shoulders
  • Treated with NSAIDS to relieve symptoms
49
Q

Describe the following diseases: subluxation of the elbow

A
  • Subluxation refers to incomplete dislocation

-Occurs in children under age 5
Head of radius is pulled out of anular ligament
•Ligament is weak and head is not fully formed

50
Q

Describe the following diseases: unhappy triad of knee injury

A

•Injury to tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament
-Lateral blow to knee tears tibial collateral which tears medial meniscus; resulting transfer of force tears ACL

51
Q

Describe the following diseases: ankle sprains

A
  • stretching or tearing of ligaments without fracture or dislocation of the joint
  • occurs when foot is twisted (usually overinversion)
  • take a long time to heal because they are avascular so symptoms are prolonged
52
Q

Describe the following diseases: glenohumeral dislocation

A

•Blow to joint causes head of humerus to move downward to tear articular capsule
- This causes head of humerus to lie inferior to glenoid cavity

•Chest muscle then pulls on head to move it just inferiorly to coracoid process

ANATOMY LECTURE (10 decks)

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