ARTICULATIONS (EXAM1) Flashcards by Jon miraflores

Describe the three structural classes of joints (fibrous joint)

Fibrous joint: bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue

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Describe the three structural classes of joints (cartilaginous joint)

Cartilaginous joint: bones are joined together by cartilage

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Describe the three structural classes of joints (synovial joint)

Synovial joint: fluid filled cavity separates articulating bones

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Describe the three functional classes of joints (synarthrosis)

Synarthrosis: no movement allowed

-Such as between bones of skull

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Describe the three functional classes of joints (amphiarthrosis)

Amphiarthrosis: slight movement

-Such as between radius and ulna

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Describe the three functional classes of joints (diarthrosis)

Diarthrosis: freely moveable
- Most common type
Elbow, shoulder, knee, interphalangeal etc.

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Describe gomphosis and give an example

resemble a peg in a socket, functionally synarthroses

Ex: tooth in alveolus of maxilla and mandible

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Describe syndesmosis and give and example

Articulating bones joined by long strands of dense regular CT, Functionally are amphiarthroses.

ex: radius and ulna joined by the interosseous membrane

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Describe sutures and give an example

found only between bones of the skull, when young sutures are functionally synarthroses

ex: As adults, dense regular CT becomes ossified
Joint is now called a synostoses

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Describe synchondrosis and give an example

Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. All are functionally synarthroses (immovable)

ex: epiphyseal plate and ribs to sternum

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Give symphysis and give an example

Bones are joined together by pad of fibrocartilage. Functionally are amphiarthroses.

ex: pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc

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Describe the various components of a synovial joint (see powerpoint this motherfucker is hard)

Articular capsule (or joint capsule)

Double-layered capsule that surrounds joint
Fibrous layer – outer layer of dense regular CT
Synovial membrane – inner layer of areolar CT that lines cavity

Joint Cavity

Space between the bones
Contains synovial fluid

Synovial fluid

Secreted by synovial membranes
Functions
Lubricate bones

Ligaments
-Connect the bones and reinforce the joint

Tendons
-stretch across the joint to reinforce

Nerves and Blood Supply
-Innervate and nourish joint

Accessory Structures
-Bursa: sacs of fluid between ligaments, muscles, skin etc (alleviate friction)

Fat pads:filler material

Accessory Structures
- Tendon sheath
•Elongated bursa
•Wraps around tendon

SEE POWERPOINT

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Define uniaxial movements

bone moves in one plane or axis

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Define biaxial movements

movement in two planes

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Define multiaxial movements

movement in all three planes

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Describe the gliding movement

Bones slide back and forth or side to side against one another

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Describe the flexion movement

decreases angle

ex: movement of forearm towards face

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Describe the extension movement

increases angle

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Describe the hyperextension movement

extension beyond straight line

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Describe the abduction movement

lateral movement of limb away from midline

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Describe the adduction movement

medial movement of limb towards midline

Describe the rotation movement

Bone turns on its own long axis
Limb rotation
Lateral rotation – limb rotates away from midline
Medial rotation – limb rotates towards midline

Describe the depression movement

inferior movement of body part
Ex: downward movement of mandible to open mouth
Ex: downward movement of shoulder

Describe the elevation movement

superior movement of a body part

Ex: Closure of mouth or shrugging of shoulder

Describe the supination movement

lateral rotation of forearm

Describe the pronation movement

medial rotation of forearm

Describe the dorsiflexion movement

movement of dorsal surface of foot or toes toward shin | ankle movement only

Describe the plantar flexion movement

Toes are pointed inferiorly | Ex: ballerina on her toes

Describe the eversion movement

soles of feet turned laterally

Describe the inversion movement

soles of feet turned medially

Describe the circumduction movement

proximal ends remains stationary while distal end makes circular or cone shaped motion involves flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in sequence

Describe the protraction movement

– anterior movement of body part ex: sticking jaw(mandible) forward ex: hunching shoulders

Describe the retraction movement

posterior movement of body part | Ex: moving mandible backwards

Describe the opposition movement

movement of thumb toward tips of other 4 fingers

Know the location and function of the following joint components: tibial collateral ligament

Prevents lateral displacement of tibia (knee joint)

Know the location and function of the following joint components: anular ligament

Surrounds neck of radius Binds proximal head of radius to ulna (elbow joint)

Know the location and function of the following joint components: deltoid ligament

binds medial malleolus to medial side of tarsals Prevents overeversion Very strong and rarely tears (talocural joint)

Know the location and function of the following joint components: lateral ligament

Binds fibula to lateral side of foot Prevents overinversion Prone to tears and sprains (talocural joint)

Know the location and function of the following joint components: glenohumeral ligament

3 thickenings of anterior portion of joint capsule | (glenohumeral joint)

Know the location and function of the following joint components: labrum of glenoid cavity

Ring of fibrocartilage | Encircles glenoid cavity to deepen socket

Know the location and function of the following joint components: labrum of acetubulum

deepens socket (in your hip)

Know the location and function of the following joint components: iliofemoral

anterior Y shaped ligament (tighten to stabilize) (hip joint)

Know the location and function of the following joint components: ischiofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments

Ischiofemoral ligament – posterior ligament (tighten to stabilize) Pubofemoral ligament – inferior region (tighten to stabilize) both are hip joints

Know the location and function of the following joint components: meniscus

C-shaped fibrocartilage on condyles of tibia, Create stabilizing pocket for condyles of femur

Know the location and function of the following joint components: anterior cruciate ligament

(ACL) Attached to anterior aspect of the intercondylar eminence (tibia) and medial side of medial condyle of femur Prevents forward sliding of tibia on femur

Know the location and function of the following joint components: posterior cruciate ligament

(PCL)Attaches the posterior aspect of intercondylar area to lateral side of medial condyle. Prevents posterior backward displacement of tibia on femur

Describe the following diseases: rheumatoid arthritis

- Autoimmune disorder that triggers destruction of joint tissue - Starts with inflammation synovial membrane - Eventually articular cartilage and articulating bone erode - Scar tissue forms and bone ends fuse together - Treated with immune suppressants

Describe the following diseases: osteoarthritis

- Most common type of arthritis - Called “wear and tear” arthritis - Due to repeated use of joint which wears down articular cartilage - Degeneration of cartilage leads to bone surfaces to rub against each other - Most common in fingers, knuckles, hips, knees, shoulders - Treated with NSAIDS to relieve symptoms

Describe the following diseases: subluxation of the elbow

- Subluxation refers to incomplete dislocation -Occurs in children under age 5 Head of radius is pulled out of anular ligament •Ligament is weak and head is not fully formed

Describe the following diseases: unhappy triad of knee injury

•Injury to tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament -Lateral blow to knee tears tibial collateral which tears medial meniscus; resulting transfer of force tears ACL

Describe the following diseases: ankle sprains

- stretching or tearing of ligaments without fracture or dislocation of the joint - occurs when foot is twisted (usually overinversion) - take a long time to heal because they are avascular so symptoms are prolonged

Describe the following diseases: glenohumeral dislocation

•Blow to joint causes head of humerus to move downward to tear articular capsule - This causes head of humerus to lie inferior to glenoid cavity •Chest muscle then pulls on head to move it just inferiorly to coracoid process