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Year 2 Pharma > Introduction to the ANS > Flashcards

Introduction to the ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three branches to the CNS

A

ANS, somatic nervous system and neuroendocrine system

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2
Q

What are the two basic responses of the ANS?

A

SNS - fight and flight

PNS - rest and digest

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3
Q

Give some examples of targets of the ANS

A

Pupillary constriction - constriction mediated by PNS CN3
Cephallic and gastric phases of digestion - vagal nerve PNS mediation
Basal heart rate - PNS is dominant at rest (SNS dominant in increasing HR)

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4
Q

Does the SNS or ANS innervate blood vessels

A

Only SNS

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5
Q

What neurotransmitter do all pre-ganglionic fibres release, regardless of type?

A

ACh

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6
Q

How long are the pre and post ganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic NS

A

Long pre-ganglionic

Short post-ganglionic

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7
Q

How long are the pre and post ganglionic fibres in the sympathetic NS

A

Short pre-ganglionic

Long post-ganglionic

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8
Q

What neurotransmitters are released in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

All transmitters are ACh

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9
Q

What neurotransmitters are released in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Releases mainly Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

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10
Q

How many pre-ganglionic fibres join to how many post-ganglionic fibres in parasympathetic nervous system?

A

1:1 pre vs post

Is discrete

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11
Q

How many pre-ganglionic fibres join to how many post-ganglionic fibres in sympathetic nervous system?

A

1:20 pre vs post

Is divergent

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12
Q

Where are the sensory receptors in the enteric nervous system found?

A

In the mucosal chemoreceptors and stretch receptors detect chemical substances in the gut lumen or tension in the gut wall caused by food

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13
Q

How is sensory information relayed in the enteric nervous system? What plexus do they go into?

A

By interneurones to submucosal and myenteric plexus

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14
Q

What neurotransmitter do motor neurones in the enteric nervous system release? What do these NTs do?

A

ACh or SubstanceP to contract SM

Vasoactive intestinal peptide or NO to relax smooth muscle

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15
Q

What neurotransmitters do the somatic nervous system release?

A

ACh

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16
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

At all autonomic ganglia

17
Q

What neurotransmitters/chemicals stimulate nicotinic receptors?

A

Nicotine/ACh

18
Q

What type of protein receptor do nicotinic receptors have?

A

Type 1 - ionotropic ie ligand bind, gate opens

19
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

At the effector organs innervated by PNS and rarely SNS post ganglionic fibres

20
Q

What neurotransmitters/chemicals stimulate muscarinic receptors?

A

Muscarine

ACh

21
Q

What type of protein receptor do muscarinic receptors have?

A

Type 2 - G protein coupled (SLOWER than type 1)

22
Q

Which of the following effects would be observed after blockade of nicotine ACh receptors in an individual at rest?

  1. Bronchoconstriction
  2. Increased sweat production
  3. Constipation
  4. Increased urinary freq.
  5. Short sightedness
A
  1. Constipation due to blockage of PNS - decreased gut motility
23
Q

What effect would a blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have on heart rate at rest?

A

PNS is normally dominant at rest so an increase in HR if PNS blocked

24
Q

What effect would a blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have on heart rate during exercise?

A

SNS is dominant so decrease in HR if SNS blocked

25
Q

What are the types of muscarinic receptors?

A

M1 – Neural – e.g. forebrain (learning and memory)
M2 – Cardiac – e.g. inhibitory autoreceptors
M3 – Exocrine & smooth muscles – e.g. hypothalamus
M4 – Periphery – e.g. prejunctional nerve endings (inhibitory).
M5 – Striatal dopamine release.

26
Q

What type of G protein coupled receptor do M1, M2 and M3 use?

A

M1 - Gq
M2 - Gi
M3 - Gq

27
Q

Where are adrenoceptors found?

A

At all effector organs innervated by post-ganglionic SNS glands (but not sweat glands)

28
Q

What type of protein receptor are G protein receptors

A

Type 2 G protein coupled

29
Q

What enzyme is involved in acetylcholine production?

A

Choline acetyl transferase

30
Q

What enzyme is involved in acetylcholine degradation?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

31
Q

What is the formula for acetylcholine production?

A

Acetyl CoA + Choline -> ACh + CoA

32
Q

How is Dopamine made?

A

Tyrosine -> DOPA with tyrosine hydroxylase

DOPA -> Dopamine with DOPA decarboxylase

33
Q

How is Noradrenaline made?

A

Make dopamine and then Dopamine -> NA with dopamine beta hydroxylase

34
Q

How is Adrenaline made

A

Dopamine -> NA -> A via PNMT

35
Q

What are the two uptake channels for adrenaline/noradrenaline?

A

Uptake 1. Monoamine oxidase A - MAO-A

Uptake 2. Cathecol-O-Methyl Transferase - COMT

Year 2 Pharma (34 decks)

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