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Year 2 Pharma > Anticonvulsants > Flashcards

Anticonvulsants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of seizures

A

General

Partial/focal

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2
Q

What is a general seizure

A

A seizure that begins simultaneously in both hemispheres

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3
Q

What are different types of general seizure

A

Tonic clonic
absent
myoclonic

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4
Q

What are types of partial/focal seizure

A

Simple/complex partial seizure

Temporal lobe epilepsy

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5
Q

What is a partial/focal seizure

A

A seizure that begins in a specific area and may spread

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6
Q

What happens to brain activity in seizures

A

Wave patterns become irregular or asynchronous due to neuronal overactivity

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7
Q

What happens in glutamate mediated neurotransmission leading to glutamate inhibition

A
  1. VGSC opens leading to membrane depolarisation
  2. VGKC opens leading to membrane repolarisation
  3. VGCC mediated Ca2+ influx, leading to glutamate vesicle exocytosis and the synapse vesicle associated protein allows vesicle attachment to the presynaptic membrane
  4. glutamate binds to post synaptic receptors eg NMDA
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8
Q

What does cabamazine do? What does this treat? how long is the half life?

A

It induces hepatic enzymes and is a VGSC antagonist that treats partial seizures and tonic clonic seizures.

It has a half life of 16-30 hours so it’s LONG

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9
Q

What does phenytoin do? What does this treat? How long is the half life

A

It is a VGSC antagonist and a class 1b channel blocker that treats most forms of epilepsy apart from absent seizures

It has a LONG halflife

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10
Q

What is a VGKC enhancer do and what is an example of one? How long is it’s half life

A

hyperpolarises cells by K+ channel opining eg retigabine - SHORT HALF LIFE

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11
Q

What does a VGCC blocker do and what is an example? How long are the half lives?

A

prevents exocytosis of glutamate vesicles eg ethosiximide that is a t type ca2+ channel antagonist (LONG HALF LIFE)

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12
Q

What drug treatment is given for absent seizures?

A

ethosiximide

t type ca2+ channel antagonist therefore preventing exocytosis of glutamate vesicles

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13
Q

What does gabapentin treat

A

Partial seizures as an alpha 2 delta subunit inhibitor that is used as a VGCC blocker therefore preventing exocytosis of glutamate vesicles

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14
Q

What are examples of drugs that are exocytosis and receptor modifiers of glutamate? How long are their half lives

A

Levetiracetam (HL SHORT)
Topiramate (HL LONG)
Perampanel (HL LONG)

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15
Q

What does levetiracetam do and what does this treat

A

SV2A inhibitor (of vesicle exocytosis) that treats focal seizures

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16
Q

What does topiramate treat and what does it do

A

It is a kainate R gluk5 subunit inhibitor that affects VGSCs and GABA receptors, treating most types of epilepsy

17
Q

What does peramanel do? What does this treat

A

AMPA selective inhibitor that treats partial seizures as an adjuvant

18
Q

What happens in GABa mediated neurotransmission that leads to GABA enhancement

A
  1. GABA released tonically (basally) and/or via neuronal stimulation
  2. GABA activates post synaptically inhibitory GABA A receptors
  3. GABA A receptors are Cl- channels that lead to membrane hyperpolarisation
  4. GABA taken up by GAT (GABA transporter)
  5. GABA is metabolised by GABA-T (GABA transaminase)
19
Q

What is clonazepam and what does it treat, is half life long or short

A

A benzodiazepine that is a GABA receptor agonist that binds to the DBZ receptor protein of GABA R
Treats all forms of epilepsy
With a LONG half life

20
Q

What is phenobarbital and what does it treat? Is the half life long or short

A

A barbituate that is a GABA receptor agonist that binds to BARB receptor protein of GABA R therefore treating most forms of epilepsy (bar absent) and acts as a sedative in adults. It has a LONG half life (60hrs!! usual long is 30hrs)

21
Q

What drug is a GAT 1 inhibitor? What does this treat? HL?

A

Tiagabine
Treat partial seizures as adjuvant
SHORT 6hr HL

22
Q

what drug is a GABA T inhibitor and what does this treat? HL?

A

Sodium valproate
Treat all forms of epilepsy
Half life is meh at 12 hrs

23
Q

What drug is a GABA T irreversible inhibitor? What does this treat

A

Vigabatrin that treats infantile spasms and adjuvant for partial seizures

Year 2 Pharma (34 decks)

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