Introduction to the Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A

The respiratory diaphragm and the pelvic inlet.

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2
Q

The abdomen can be divided into 4 quadrants using which 2 planes?

A

The median sagittal plane and the umbilical plane.

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3
Q

List the names for planes L1-L5.

A

L1 - Transpyloric plane
L2 - Subcostal plane
L4 -Supracristal plane
L5 - Transtubercular plane

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4
Q

Which 2 horizontal planes divide the abdomen into 9 regions?

A

The Subcostal plane (L2) and Transtubercular plane (L5).

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5
Q

List the regions in the 9 region model.

A
  1. Epigastric
  2. Umbilical
  3. Pubic
  4. Left Hypochondrium
  5. Left Lateral
  6. Left Iliac Fossa
  7. Right Hypochondrium
  8. Right Lateral
  9. Right Iliac Fossa
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6
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin which is given sensation to and innervated by a single spinal nerve.

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7
Q

Which dermatome sits over the umbilicus?

A

T10.

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8
Q

What is the name of the strap muscle on the front of the abdomen?

A

Rectus Abdominis

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9
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall going from superficial to deep?

A
Skin
Camper's fascia 
Scarpa's fascia 
Muscles and aponeuroses 
Transversalis fascia 
Parietal peritoneum
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10
Q

What is the inguinal ligament formed by?

A

The free lower border of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.

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11
Q

Where does the Inguinal ligament run from and to?

A

Runs from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the pubic tubercle.

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12
Q

Going from superior to deep, what are the side muscles of the abdominal wall?

A
  1. External oblique
  2. Internal oblique
  3. Transversus abdominis
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13
Q

What are the attachment points of the linea alba?

A

The xiphoid process of the sternum and the pubic symphysis.

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14
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

A fibrous jacket formed by the aponeuroses of the external and internal obliques, and the transversus abdominis.

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15
Q

How does the rectus sheath differ in the top 3/4 of the abdominal wall compared to the bottom 1/4 (below the umbilicus)?

A

The top 3/4 has the rectus sheath enclosing the rectus abdominis (it is in front and behind it), whereas below the umbilicus the rectus sheath sits entirely anterior to the rectus abdominis - only the transversalis fascia sits posterior to the rectus abdominis below the umbilicus.

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16
Q

What is a hernia?

A

The protrusion of a tissue, organ or structure through the tissue(s) that normally retain(s) it.

17
Q

Which 2 arteries do the superior and inferior epigastric arteries unite?

A

The subclavian artery and the external iliac artery.

18
Q

What are somites?

A

Building blocks of mesoderm that migrate around the body pulling their nerve supply with them.

19
Q

Where does lymphatic fluid drain to in the upper and lower quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Upper - axillary nodes

Lower - superficial inguinal nodes

20
Q

What does intra-peritoneal and retro-peritoneal mean?

A

Intra-peritoneal means the structure is covered in peritoneum and retro-peritoneum means the structure is behind (outside) the peritoneum.

21
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

A fold of peritoneum suspending an organ from the abdominal wall.

22
Q

From which embryonic tissue does the peritoneum form?

A

Mesoderm

23
Q

What types of pain are viscera (organs) sensitive to?

A
  1. Stretch
  2. Inflammation
  3. Hypoxia