Carbohydrates and Lipids

Question 1

What are the 4 main types of macromolecules?

Answer 1

1. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
2. Proteins
3. Carbohydrates
4. Lipids (fats)

Question 2

Macromolecules in living things are organic, what does this mean?

Answer 2

They contain carbon.

Question 3

What is the general molecular formula for carbohydrates?

Answer 3

[C(H2O)]n

Question 4

What is the name for a molecule with 3-10 monomeric units?

Answer 4

Oligosaccharide

Question 5

Monosaccharides have names ending with what?

Answer 5

-ose. e.g. glucose, fructose.

Question 6

What are isomers?

Answer 6

Molecules which contain the same atoms but are bonded to each other in a different 3D arrangement.

Question 7

How many carbon atoms are in glucose, fructose, and galactose?

Answer 7

6 (hexoses)

Question 8

What are 2 important triose monosaccharides which are important intermediates in energy metabolism (glycolysis)?

Answer 8

1. Dihydroxyacetone

2. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 9

What are 2 important pentose monosaccharides that are crucial components of RNA and DNA?

Answer 9

1. Ribose

2. Deoxyribose

Question 10

What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharides?

Answer 10

Glycosidic bond

Question 11

Which 2 monosaccharides make up sucrose?

Answer 11

Glucose and fructose

Question 12

Which 2 monosaccharides make up lactose?

Answer 12

Glucose and galactose

Question 13

Which 2 monosaccharides make up maltose?

Answer 13

2 glucoses joined together.

Question 14

What is eliminated when a glycosidic bond is formed?

Answer 14

Water

Question 15

What are the constituents of starch and the respective percentages of the constituents?

Answer 15

Amylopectin - 75%

Amylose - 25%

Question 16

What type of polymer of glucose is amylopectin and what type of glycosidic bonds are formed?

Answer 16

Amylopectin is a branched polymer of glucose and is formed by a-1,4 and a-1,6 glycosidic bonds.

Question 17

What type of polymer of glucose is amylose and what type of glycosidic bonds are formed?

Answer 17

Amylose is a linear polymer of glucose and is formed by a-1,4 glycosidic bonds only.

Question 18

What are the 4 main types of biologically important lipids?

Answer 18

1. Fatty acids
2. Triglycerides
3. Cholesterol
4. Cholesterol esters

Question 19

What would it mean if a fatty acid was unsaturated in terms of bonds?

Answer 19

It would have at least one C=C double bond.

Question 20

Which 2 acids are the main ketone bodies?

Answer 20

1. Acetoacetic acid

2. B-hydroxybutyric acid

Question 21

By what process is energy released from organic molecules?

Answer 21

Oxidation

Question 22

What happens during an oxidation reactions in terms of electrons?

Answer 22

Oxidation is the loss of electrons.

Question 23

How are lipids transported through aqueous environments such as blood plasma?

Answer 23

Lipoproteins

Question 24

Lipoprotein lipase releases _____ from ____ and ____ into the _____.

Answer 24

Lipoprotein lipase releases fatty acids from chylomicrons and VLDLs into the tissues.

Question 25

Name the lipoproteins from least dense to most dense.

Answer 25

1. Chylomicrons (CM)
2. VLDL
3. LDL
4. HDL

Question 26

What is the main function of Chylomicrons?

Answer 26

Deliver exogenous (dietary) TAG (triglycerides) to the peripheral tissues.

Question 27

What is the main function of VLDL’s?

Answer 27

Deliver endogenous TAG to peripheral tissues.

Question 28

What is the main function of LDL’s?

Answer 28

Deliver cholesterol to the peripheral tissues and liver.

Question 29

What is the main function of HDL’s?

Answer 29

Deliver cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for elimination.