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ClinMed Exam 1 - Spring > Introduction to Systems > Flashcards

Introduction to Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of a systems review?

A

Identify suspicious non-MSK or RED flag signs and symptoms that require referral to another healthcare professional

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2
Q

Is a system review a dx of a non-MSK condition?

A

No, it is NOT a dx of non-MSK condition but recognition of suspicious non-MSK S&S

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3
Q

Are there specific RED flag signs and symptoms in isolation that are informative?

A

Few RED flag S&S in isolation are informative; look for combinations

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4
Q

Is there a consensus on which RED flags are most useful?

A

No

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5
Q

RED flags are the best tool for what?

A

To raise suspicion of pathology (Consider best evidence and individual profile together for the presence of suspicious non-MSK S&S)

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6
Q

Symptoms with aerobic exertion indicate what system?

A

Cardiovascular and respiratory systems

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7
Q

Symptoms with eating indicate what system?

A

Gastrointestinal system

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8
Q

Gradual and unknown onsets for many non-MSK conditions and RED flag S&S have minimal to no _____ _____.

A

Mechanical provocation

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9
Q

Signs and symptoms are typically S determined by what part of your review?

A

History and observation

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10
Q

What are the constitutional symptoms or general health components requiring system(s) review when present?

A
  • Fever, chills, sweats- MOST often associated with systemic illness … Prolonged (≥ 2 wks.) … > 102° may require hospitalization
  • Weight changes, particularly loss of ≥ 5% and if unexplained
  • Nausea and Vomiting (N&V)
  • Dizziness and lightheadedness
  • Fatigue- prolonged (≥ 2 wks.) and limiting
  • Weakness- limiting
  • Paresthesia’s/Numbness
  • Malaise or ill feeling
  • Mentation or cognitive changes
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11
Q

What is the structure of the urinary system?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
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12
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A
  • Filter fluid from renal blood flow
  • Remove waste
  • Retain essential substances for fluid and contents balance i.e., electrolytes, acid-base balance, etc.
  • Stimulates RBC production
  • Blood pressure regulation
  • Converts Vitamin D to its active form
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13
Q

When you have a urinary issue where will your pain most likely be?

A

In the trunk, flank, and/or pelvic regions

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14
Q

What signs and symptoms might you see with a urinary issue?

A
  • Discoloration
  • Urinary changes (Frequency, Urgency, Bleeding, Pus)
  • Dysfunction (Flow, Initiation, Control)
  • Nocturia
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15
Q

What does nocturia mean?

A

Awake to urinate

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16
Q

What is included in a urinary system review?

A
  • MOST from Hx
  • Observation of urine is unlikely
  • P! with kidney percussion
  • P! with palpation/percussion of system organs during abdominal assessment
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17
Q

What is the function of the reproductive system?

A
  • Producing sex cells (eggs/sperm) and creating sex hormones with the Endocrine system
  • Maintaining fertilized eggs for development
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18
Q

Where would your pain be if you had a reproductive issue?

A

Pelvis, LB, abdominal regions and/or sexual organs

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19
Q

What signs and symptoms might you see with a reproductive issue?

A
  • Sexual dysfunction
  • Dysfunction of the bowel and bladder due to proximity
  • Abnormal discharge from sex organs
  • Abnormal menstruation
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20
Q

What are some Early and possibly unknown pregnancy indications?

A
  • Polyuria
  • Breast tenderness
  • Fatigue
  • N&V with possible wt. loss
  • Heartburn
  • Constipation
  • Abnormal vaginal discharge
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21
Q

What would be a part of your reproductive system review?

A
  • MOST from Hx
  • Observation unlikely
  • NO other specific assessment
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22
Q

What is the structure of the metabolic system?

A

Gut, liver, adipose tissue, pancreas, kidney, and muscle

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23
Q

What are the functions of the metabolic system?

A
  • Conversion of foods and liquids into energy for all cellular processes and building blocks for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
  • Elimination of waste
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance is KEY for cellular metabolism
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24
Q

What are two common electrolytes?

A
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
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25
Q

What is sodium responsible for?

A

Maintains fluid volume and cell function for messages to and from CNS

26
Q

What is Hyponatremia?

A

Hyponatremia is MOST frequent electrolyte disorder and contributor to neurological S&S

27
Q

What is potassium responsible for?

A

Maintains fluid volume

28
Q

The skeleton is metabolically active and a storehouse for what two things?

A
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
29
Q

What is calcium responsible for?

A

Involved with bone health, muscle actions, nerve impulses, circulation, and hormone balance

30
Q

Where is the majority of phosphorus located?

A

In our bones and teeth

31
Q

What is phosphorus responsible for?

A

Plays a CRUCIAL role with metabolism for the growth, maintenance, and repair of ALL tissues

32
Q

What is involved in a metabolic review? (big picture)

A
  • History
  • Observation
  • Resisted and/ or manual muscle testing- widespread weakness
  • Neuro tests: possibly widespread altered sensations
  • Abdominal assessment
  • Vital Signs
  • Palpation
33
Q

What might you observe in your metabolic systems review?

A
  • Muscle twitching/tetany
  • Altered respiration
  • Memory loss
  • Incoordination
  • Dry mouth
  • Fruity breath
34
Q

What might your abdominal assessment in your metabolic systems review show?

A

P! with palpation and percussion of: liver, pancreas, kidney

35
Q

What vital signs should you be checking in your metabolic review?

A
  • Irregular heart rate
  • Postural hypotension
  • Altered respiratory rate
36
Q

What palpation abnormalities might you find in your metabolic review?

A
  • Loss of skin mobility
  • Extreme skin temperatures
37
Q

What are PT implications for the metabolic system?

A
  • Adequate hydration (likely more than just water i.e., electrolyte drinks (NOT Gatorade, etc.))
  • Ensure efficient respiration
  • Increase antioxidant foods i.e., veggies and fruits
38
Q

What kind of referral would a metabolic system issue be?

A

Urgent referral

39
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

Defends the body against harmful substances, pathogens, and cells or non-selfs from internal and external threats

40
Q

What is a part of an immune system review?

A
  • Hx
  • Observation: persistent swelling and possibly pitting edema; skin changes
  • Vital signs- high temperature
  • Palpation: swollen and tender lymph nodes, muscle and joint TTP
41
Q

What is a part of a cancer review?

A
  • Hx: hx of cancer
  • Palpation of lymph nodes (> 2 cm, firm, and immobile but NON-tender due to limited inflammation with typical slow growth of most cancer)
  • Vital signs- high temperature
42
Q

What is the structure of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart and blood vessels

43
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Circulate oxygenated blood through the arterial system to cells throughout the body
  • Deoxygenated blood carried by venous system to the lungs for reoxygenation
44
Q

What are big picture signs and symptoms of a cardiovascular system issue? (what else does it effect)

A
  • Primarily due to insufficiency of heart and vessels
  • May also influence the respiratory and lymphatic systems
45
Q

What is involved in a cardiovascular review?

A
  • Hx
  • Observation of: SOB, wheezing, sweating
  • Abnormal vital signs: heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure
  • Abnormal heart or vessel sounds with stethoscope aka auscultations
46
Q

What is the structure of the respiratory system?

A

Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, airways, lungs, and diaphragm

47
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A
  • In coordination with the cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems to facilitate gas exchange
  • Nutrients and oxygen to tissues
  • Removes carbon dioxide and waste from tissues
48
Q

What is involved in a respiratory review?

A
  • Hx
  • Observation: cyanosis, digital clubbing, SOB, cough
  • Vital signs: altered respiration rate
  • Decreased breath sounds and pleural rub with stethoscope aka auscultations
  • Hyperresonance with percussions
49
Q

What structures make up the gastrointestinal system?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, to colon and rectum

50
Q

What are the functions of the gastrointestinal system?

A
  • Digestion: stomach and small intestines
  • Absorption: stomach and small intestines
  • Excretion: large intestines, colon, and rectum
  • Protection: all major categories of immune cells in the gut; 70-80% of the body’s immune cells in the gut
  • Assisted by Hepatic system
  • Also, an emotional physiological connection for gut health… “brain in the bowel”
51
Q

What is included in a gastrointestinal review?

A
  • Primarily hx
  • Observation: difficulty swallowing, swelling/bloating in abdominal quadrants
  • Abdominal quadrant: Auscultation- altered sounds; Palpation- tenderness; Percussion- abnormal sounds
52
Q

What is the structure of the nervous system?

A

Central (brain/spinal cord) and peripheral (somatic/autonomic) nervous systems

53
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A
  • Sensory processing
  • Involuntary and voluntary responses and actions
  • Maintaining system homeostasis, particularly with endocrine system
  • MAJOR controlling, regulatory, and communicating bodily system
54
Q

The endocrine system meets the nervous system where?

A

At the hypothalamus-pituitary interface

55
Q

What is the job of the hypothalamus?

A

MAIN integrative center of endocrine and autonomic nervous system functions by hormonal and neural pathways

56
Q

Is LMN or UMN described? –> Cranial nerves; Anterior gray column of the spinal cord; Cauda equina; Spinal nerves to terminal nerve branches

A

LMN

57
Q

Is LMN or UMN described? –> Above anterior horn of the spinal cord; Brain and MOST of the spinal cord

A

UMN

58
Q

What is one of the biggest differences between UMN and LMN injuries?

A

UMN will have hyperreflexia

59
Q

If you apply a light stroke in each abdominal quadrant around the umbilicus what will the umbilicus look like if it is WNL or hypoactive?

A
  • WNL = umbilicus moves in the direction of the stroke
  • Hypoactive = decreased or lack of umbilical movement
60
Q

What are some signs and symptoms that may occur with either UMN or LMN conditions?

A
  • N&V
  • Dizziness
  • Visual or auditory dysfunction
61
Q

The worst HA ever may be a sign of what?

A

An impending stroke

62
Q

What is apart of your neurological review?

A

Hx and observation plus assessments

ClinMed Exam 1 - Spring (4 decks)

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