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NAMUT > Introduction to Sustainable Management Tools > Flashcards

Introduction to Sustainable Management Tools Flashcards

1
Q

What are product related analytical methods & tools?

A
  • Life cycle assessment (LCA), footprints
  • Social life cycle assessment (SLCA)
  • Life cycle costing (LCC)
  • Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA), resource efficiency
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2
Q

What are organisation related analytical methods & tools?

A
  • Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

- Sustainability ratings

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3
Q

What is the definition of sustainable development?

A
  • development that meets the needs of current generations
  • without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

(Brundtland report, 1987)

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4
Q

What are the four key terms of the definition of sustainable development?

A
  • Development: sustainability does not mean stopping environmental, economic, social development –> constant development & improvement
  • Needs: include environmental, social and economic factors
  • Present generation: knowing the current state of the art (present targets)/ our generation
  • future generation: long term targets /future generation
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5
Q

What does sustainable development mean?

A
  • environment: protection of nature, reduction of emissions & waster, saving resources § energy
  • economy: growth, equality, financial stability, welfare
  • society: human rights, labour force, well being
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6
Q

What are the different and most used concepts of sustainability?

A

all consider the three dimensions (economy, society, environment) but weigh them differently

pic of strong & weak sustainability einfügen

  • strong: (eco-centric, ecology is placed over the other dimensions, resources are seen as the basis of the other dimension and can not be replaced and therefore need to be protected)
  • weak (all three dimensions are equally worth and can replace each other, anthropogenic field–> NAME CHECKEN, natural resources can be replaced by human capital, system is sustainable as long as one of the dimensions succeeds, meaning: if one dimension decreases and the other increases, it is still sustainable)
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7
Q

name some of the 17 sustainable development goals and around 200 targets defined by the UN Summit?

A
  • no poverty
  • zero hunger
  • gender equality
  • climate action

goals are designed as a blueprint

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8
Q

When should the SDGs be reached?

A

by the end of 2030

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9
Q

Who can contribute to sustainability?

A
  • products: that increase ESE benefits (e.g. recycling paper, organic food, microcredits), reduce negative impacts (waste water treatment facilities), along the full life cycle,
  • companies/organisations: adopting business strategies that meet needs of company & stakeholders, protect & sustain human & natural resources (e.g., using renewable energies)
  • communities: meet diverse needs of existing & future residents, contribute to high quality of life (e.g., parks, plants,…), safe; inclusive, well planned, built, run (e.g., Stadt der kurzen wege, every needed facility can be reached by foot)
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10
Q

Describe the toolbox of the chair sustainable engineering.

A

pic of pyramid

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11
Q

What is life cycle assessment (LCA)?

A
  • Analysis of potential environmental impacts of a product or service over its entire life cycle
  • -> ISO 14040/44
  • identify & measure all energy/material inputs/ environmental emissions
  • evaluate the impact (e.g., land, resources, acidy)
  • reveals hotspots & improvement potentials
  • provides decision support
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12
Q

where is the hotspot of smartphone production?

A
  • in the material production and production of the smartphone
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13
Q

What is a (product) carbon footprint?

A

LCA that focuses on one impact category: climate change

product carbon footprint (pcf): means for measuring, managing, communicating greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) related to goods and services (food, transport,…)

for simplicity reported as how much ghg something has emitted

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14
Q

what is an official & most important approach of pcf?

A

ISO/TS 14067:2018

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15
Q

What is a water footprint?

A

Measures the impact of water use on a products life cycle. (14046)

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16
Q

what is the formula of water footprint?

A

water footprint

= water shoesize (volume of consumed water and that is no longer available for the considered watershed due to evaporation) * weight ( local water scarcity, local sensitivity of population, ecosystems, type of water body: groundwater, surface water, water quality, time of water us: dry, wet season, how severe the impacts on the ecosystem and humans are)

17
Q

what is life cycle costing (LCC)?

A

Assessment of all costs directly covered by one or more actors in the product life cycle:

  • evaluates alternative, competing options in purchasing
  • improves awareness of total costs
  • provides decision support
  • smartphone example: not only the phone costs, but transport & labour costs, electricity, mainteance
18
Q

Is there a standard for LCC ?

A

no, but a code of practise exists

19
Q

Explain the iceberg scheme for LCC.

A

Products have hidden costs:

construction (35%)
Design (5%)
Operation & maintenance (hidden but mainly responsible for economic burden: 60%)

20
Q

What are the three types of LCC?

A

Internal costs:

  1. Conventional LCC (assessment of internal costs mostly without EoL-costs)
    (e. g., knowledge development, production of materials and components, use and maintenance, EoL management)

External costs (not included in the price of the product: when buying fossil fuel customers don’t pay for the air pollution they cause):

  1. Environmental LCC (e.g., water pollution, CO2 emissions)
  2. Societal LCC: social costs such as medical treatment due to air pollution by using fossil fuels
21
Q

What is social life cycle asssessment (SLCA)?

A

Main goal: assessing aspects related to “Human well-being”

e.g., quality of life, living standard, freedom, choice, health, security

22
Q

What are the aims of the SLCA guidelines?

A

assessing the social & socio economic aspects of products & their potential positive & negative impacts along their life cycle

23
Q

What does the handbook for product social impact assessment aim for?

A

Specifying the SLCA guidelines with regard to implementation & interpretation in practice. Is one possible code of practice

24
Q

What does resource efficiency (RE) mean?

A
  • Natural resources (soil, rainforest, fossil fuels) = basis for industrial activities
  • -> economy

BUT: we have environmental problems (e.g., destruction of habitats, global warming, …) that “increase the scarcity of resources”

Measures for enhancement of RE considering environmental & economic, (and social = children that are forced to mine metals) aspects are needed.

25
Q

What is life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA)?

A

Adresses all three dimensions of sustainability from a life cycle perspective

Allows a comprehensive sustainability assessment.

Combines several methods

26
Q

What is the formula of LCSA?

A

LCSA = LCA + LCC + SLCA

not just adding up everything, so the challenge is to find other methods and options

27
Q

What are the benefits of LCSA?

A
  • provides decision support
  • enables practitioners to organise complex information in a structured way to communicate them better
  • helps to identify hotspots & weaknesses to improve
  • stimulate innovations
  • to inform labelling initiatives
28
Q

What are the challenges regarding sustainable decisions?

A
  • combining different methods
  • interpreting the dimensions
  • potential trade-offs and difficulties to communicate and display the results

picture p.23

  • in reality, there is no right or wrong, depends on personal opinion or which sustainability model (strong, weak) is used
29
Q

What is a tool to make sustainable decisions?

A

Dashboard of Sustainability: comparing products

  • merges information from all three dimensions in a single graphical & numerical evaluation form
  • measures the different dimensions of sustainability

picture of p.24

30
Q

How can sustainability aspects be analysed and reported by companies?

A
  • increasing use of environmental management system, standards, reporting guidelines, labels
  • mostly voluntary, but regulatory requirements for reporting are increasing
  • Society and media denounce real grievances which increases the pressure on companies
31
Q

What is a possible tool for companies to analyse and report sustainability aspects?
Explain.

A

CSR

  • concept: companies integrate social & environmental concerns in business operations & interaction with their stakeholders
  • since 2017, CSR reports are mandatory for publicly traded companies with more than 500 employees
  • must report: environmental, social, employee related, human rights, anti-corruption, bribery matters
32
Q

What is the sustainability rating of companies?

A

GISR ( Global Initiative for Sustainablility Ratings)

  • Database of corporate sustainability research, rating, ranking indexing organisations, products

–> tracks stock perfomance of world leading companies in regard to environmental, social, and economic criteria

investors are more interested in how business integrate social and environmental aspects

33
Q

What are criterias for the GISR?

A
  • Dow Jones Sustainability Indices: tracks stock perfomance of world leading companies in regard to environmental, social, and economic criteria
  • Morningstar Sustainability Rating for Investment Funds: Rating for organisations with regard to environmental, social, governance chances and risks
  • Oekom: one of the worlds leaking ESG (environmental, social, corporate governance) research and rating agencies for sustainable development
34
Q

Who are the stakeholders and how they can be identified as part of the sustainability assessment?

A

Any person, group, organisation who is positively or negatively impacted or causes an impact on the acctions and activities proposed
(e.g., politicians, NGOs, Users, Researchers, Enterprises,…)

35
Q

What are the three types of stakeholders?

A
  1. Primary: ultimately affected by an organisations actions
  2. secondary: intermediaries who are indirectly affected
  3. key stakeholders can be primary or secondary stakeholders but they dont have to. Have a significant influence upon the importance within a company.
36
Q

What is the goal of a stakeholder analysis?

A
  • Identify them and their attitude towards the project

- Need to be involved in decisions on projects, products

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