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MUSCULOSKELETAL - BRS > Introduction to Rheumatology :) > Flashcards

Introduction to Rheumatology :) Flashcards

1
Q

define rheumatology

A

medical specialty dealing with diseases of the musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

define joint

A

where 2 bones meet

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3
Q

define tendon

A

tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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4
Q

what are tendons made of?

A

cords of strong fibrous collagen tissue

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5
Q

what are the role of ligaments

A

connects 2 bones

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6
Q

what are ligament tissues made of?

A

flexible fibrous connective tissue

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7
Q

define acute

A

develop suddenly and last a short time

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8
Q

define sub-acute

A

state between acute and chronic

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9
Q

define chronic

A

long-lasting condition, that develops over time

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10
Q

how many joints are involved in monoarthiritis

A

1 joint involved

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11
Q

how many joints are involved in oligoarthritis

A

2-4

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12
Q

how many joints are involved in polyarthritis

A

5+

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13
Q

define systemic features

A

entire body effects

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14
Q

what is arthritis

A

disease of the joints

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15
Q

what is sterile inflammation?

A

inflammation occurring in the absence of micro-organisms

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16
Q

what is defined as prolonged inactivity/morning stiffness

A

stiffness that lasts >30 mins

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17
Q

define non-sterile inflammation

A

inflammation occurring due to micro-organisms

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18
Q

define lavage

A

surgical wash out

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19
Q

define rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic autoimmune disease characterized by pain, stiffness and synovitis

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20
Q

what is synovitis

A

inflammation of synovial membrane

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21
Q

define osteophytes

A

bony lumps that grow on bones in spine or around joint

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22
Q

define osteopenia

A

when mineral content of bone is reduced, but less so than osteoporosis

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23
Q

how can you detect osteopenia on a X-ray

A

bone appears darker and less bright

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24
Q

define birefringence

A

refraction of light in a transparent material

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25
Q

define tophi

A

aggregated deposits of MSU in tissue

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26
Q

state the 2 divisions of arthritis

A
  1. degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis)
  2. inflammatory joint disease
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27
Q

state the difference in onset between inflammatory joint disease and osteoarthritis

A

inflammatory = rapid onset
osteoarthritis = slow onset

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28
Q

state the difference in joint pattern between inflammatory joint disease and osteoarthritis

A

inflammatory joint disease = symmetrical joint pattern
osteoarthritis = asymmetrical joint pattern

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29
Q

state the difference in the age range of patients impacted between inflammatory joint disease and osteoarthritis

A

inflammatory = younger age groups
osteoarthritis = older age groups

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30
Q

is osteoarthritis autoimmune?

A

no

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31
Q

in which arthritis division is osteopenia common?

A

inflammatory joint disease

32
Q

in which arthritis division is osteophytes common?

A

osteoarthritis

33
Q

what is the cause of septic arthritis

A

bacteria

34
Q

what is the clinical presentation of septic arthritis

A

inflammation = rubor, tumor, calor and fever

35
Q

what type of arthritis is septic arthritis

A

monoarthritis

36
Q

when is septic arthritis not monoarthritis?

A

when gonoccoccal bacteria is involved => polyarthritis

37
Q

state the technique used to diagnose septic arthritis

A

joint aspiration

38
Q

what happens in joint aspiration

A

obtain a fluid sample from septic joint => analyse

39
Q

state the 2 treatments of septic arthritis

A

lavage and IV antibiotics

40
Q

state the bacterial causes of septic arthritis (3)

A

streptococci, staphylococcus aureus and gonococcus

41
Q

does rheumatoid arthritis have a symmetrical or asymmetrical joint pattern?

A

symmetrical

42
Q

how many joints are impacted in rheumatoid arthritis

A

5+ (polyarthritis)

43
Q

what joints does rheumatoid arthritis impact

A

small and larger joints

44
Q

what is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis

A

auto-immune

45
Q

what is the clinical presentation of an individual with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

early morning stiffness in and around joints => long term joint damage

46
Q

what is used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

A

autoantibody against IgG (rheumatoid antibody) => found in blood test

47
Q

state 3 areas commonly impacted by rheumatoid arthritis

A
  1. hands
  2. wrists
  3. feet
48
Q

state 2 types of crystal arthritis

A
  1. gout
  2. pseudogout
49
Q

state the cause of crystal gout

A

deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals

50
Q

what is a risk factor of gout

A

high uric acid levels

51
Q

state the 3 causes of gout

A
  1. genetic tendency
  2. increased intake of purine rich foods
  3. kidney failure
52
Q

where is gout common?

A

big toe

53
Q

what is the name of the joint in the big toe which is impacted by gout

A

metatarsophalangeal joint

54
Q

state the onset of gout

A

abrupt

55
Q

what is a characteristic of gout on X-Rays?

A

‘juxta-articular erosions’ aka rat bite erosions

56
Q

state 2 diagnostic tests for gout

A
  1. joint aspiration and synovial fluid analysis
  2. bloods => C-reactive proteins and serum urate
57
Q

positive result of joint aspiration and synovial fluid analysis test for gout - 2

A

needle shaped crystals and negative bifringence

58
Q

how is the joint aspiration and synovial fluid analysis done?

A

Needle inserted => fluid aspirated => sent to lab for microbiology OR polarising light microscopy to detect crystals

59
Q

what are the positive blood tests for gout? - 2

A

increased C-reactive proteins
increased serum urate

60
Q

problem of using blood tests to diagnose gout

A

non-specific and only shows inflammation

61
Q

what is the acute treatment of gout?

A

reduces inflammation (steroids and anti-inflammatory drugs)

62
Q

what is the chronic treatment for gout?

A

reduces long term uric acid levels (lifestyle diet changes and xanthine oxidase inhibitors)

63
Q

state the cause of pseudogout

A

deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals

64
Q

state the 2 risk factors of pseudogout

A
  1. elderly
  2. background of OA
65
Q

State the diagnostic test for pseudogout

A

synovial fluid analysis and joint aspiration

66
Q

state the positive result of joint aspiration and synovial fluid analysis for pseudogout

A
  1. brick shaped crystals
  2. +ve birefringence
67
Q

is osteoarthritis inflammatory?

A

no

68
Q

what is the speed of onset of osteoarthritis

A

gradual

69
Q

when is osteoarthritis prevalent

A

as age increases and if there is previous joint trauma

70
Q

state the 4 common joints impacted by osteoarthritis

A
  1. spine
  2. hand joints
  3. knees
  4. hips
71
Q

state 3 signs of osteoarthritis

A
  1. joint pain when moving
  2. joint crepitus
  3. joint enlargement
72
Q

what is joint crepitus

A

cracking sound when moving joint

73
Q

what are the names of the enlarged joints

A

Heberden’s nodes

74
Q

state the 3 X-Ray features of osteoarthritis

A
  1. joint space narrowing
  2. sub-chondral bony sclerosis
  3. osteophytes
75
Q

what is sub-chondral bony sclerosis

A

whiteness on X-Rays

76
Q

what is sub-chondral bony sclerosis

A

whiteness on X-Rays

77
Q

what clinical features are analysed in rheumatology?

A
  1. speed of onset
  2. pattern of joint movement
  3. size
  4. symmetrical or asymmetrical

MUSCULOSKELETAL - BRS (13 decks)

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