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MUSCULOSKELETAL - BRS > Bones And Soft Tissues > Flashcards

Bones And Soft Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the adult human body?

A

206

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2
Q

What are 3 bones in the axial skeleton?

A

Cranium, vertebral column and rib cage

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3
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where two bones meet

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4
Q

What bones are part of the appendicular skeleton? - 4

A

Pectoral girdle, upper limbs and hands and legs

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5
Q

What are the five functions of the skeleton? MPMPS

A

Movement
Protection of vital organs
Mineral storage eg calcium
Produce blood cells
Support

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6
Q

What are the different shapes of bones? - 6

A

Flat, sutured, short, long, irregular, sesamoid

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7
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A

Osteogenic cell
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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8
Q

What is an osteogenic cell?

A

A bone stem cell found in deep laters of the periosteum

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9
Q

What is a osteoblasts?

A

A bone BUILDING cell which is found on the growing portion of the bone

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10
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete?

A

Osteoid

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11
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Catalyze the mineralization of osteoid

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12
Q

What is an osteocytes?

A

A mature bone cell

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13
Q

How is an osteocytes formed?

A

When an osteoblasts becomes embedded in its secretions

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14
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

Bone CHOMPING - breaks the bone, dissolve and reabsorb via phagocytosis

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15
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

Bone surfaces and the sites of old, injured or unneeded bone

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16
Q

What do osteogenic cells differentiate into?

A

Osteoblasts

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17
Q

How are osteocytes formed?

A

When osteoblasts get trapped in the calcified matrix

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18
Q

How are osteoclasts made?

A

Made from bone marrow - monocytes and macrophages

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19
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

The lacunae

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20
Q

What is the chain order of bone cells?

A

Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

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21
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Woven and lamellar

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22
Q

What is the first type of bone to be produced?

A

immature/ Woven bone

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23
Q

How is immature woven bone made into mature lamellar bone?

A

It is mineralized

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24
Q

What are the two types of mature bones?

A

Cortical and cancellous

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25
Q

What are the properties of Cortical bone? - 3

A

compact, dense and suitable for weight bearing

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26
Q

what are the properties of cancellous bone - 2

A

spongy structure, not suitable for weight bearing

Cancellous is spongy, and not suitable for weight bearing

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27
Q

What are bones made up of ?

A

Cells and matrix

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28
Q

What does the bone matrix consist of?

A

Inorganic and organic component

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29
Q

What are the two components of inorganic bone matrix?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite and osteocalcium phosphate

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30
Q

What is in the organic component of bone matrix?

A

Type 1 collage and ground substance which is proteoglycans, glycoproteins and cytokines

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31
Q

What is an osteon?

A

A repeated structural unit, concentric lamellar around a central Haversian

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32
Q

What is a Haversian Canal?

A

Canal containing blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic, with concentric lamellae of bone around it

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33
Q

In which type of mature bone are Haversian Canals found? - 2

A

Cortical, compact bone

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34
Q

What is on the outside of a long bone?

A

Cortical bone

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35
Q

What type of bone is on the inside of a long bone?

A

Cancellous bone

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36
Q

What is a growth plate called?

A

Physis

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37
Q

What is the structure of long bones in terms of physes (in order)? - 4

A

Epiphysis
Physis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis

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38
Q

What is Intramembranous Ossification?

A

The development of bone from within a membrane

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39
Q

What bones does intramembranous ossification form?

A

Flat bones of the skull, clavicle and mandible

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40
Q

Describe the process of intramembranous ossification - 7 steps

A
  1. Mesenchymal stem cells cluster and differentiate to form osteogenic cells which whn firther differentiate into osteoblasts
  2. Forms ossification center
  3. Osteoblasts start to secrete Osteoid inwards which traps osteoblasts in their own secretions
  4. The osteoblasts catalyse the mineralisation and thus calcification of the osteoid, forming the bone matrix
  5. Osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes
  6. This leads to the dveelopment of the periosteum as well as the trabeculae
  7. Crowded blood vessels condense into red bone marrow
41
Q

What traps osteoblasts in intramembranous ossification?

A

Osteoid

42
Q

How does an ossification center form?

A

The condensation of mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

43
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Development of a long bone from a hyaline cartilage model

44
Q

Which type of ossification is faster?

A

Intramembranous

45
Q

What is the primary ossification center called?

A

The diaphysis

46
Q

What is the secondary ossification center called?

A

Epiphysis

47
Q

What are the two mechanisms of bone growth?

A

Interstitial and appositional growth

48
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Long bones increasing in length

49
Q

Where does interstitial growth occur?

A

At the growth plates

50
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

increase in thickness and diameter of bones

51
Q

Where does interstitial growth occur?

A

At the physeal plate

52
Q

What occurs in the proliferation zone?

A

Mitosis

53
Q

What are the zones the cell undergoes through growth? - 5

A

Reserve zone
Proliferation zone
Maturation and hypertrophy
Calcified matrix
Zone of ossification

54
Q

Describe appositional growth

A

The deposition of bone beneath the periosteum to increase thickness

55
Q

in interstitial growth, what happens on the diaphyseal side of the bone?

A

cartilage calcifies and dies, which then gets replaced by bone

56
Q

in interstitial growth, what happens on the epiphyseal side of the bone?

A

hyaline cartilage is active and dividing to form hyaline cartilage matrix

57
Q

what cartilage is involved in interstitial growth?

A

hyaline cartilage

58
Q

How does appositional growth occur? - 4 steps

A
  1. Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteum blood vessel
  2. Ridges fuse forming a tunnel which is now lined with periosteum but since it is inside it is called the endosteum
  3. Osteoblasts in endosperm build new concentric lamellae inwards towards the center of the tunnel, forming new osteon
  4. Bone grows outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae => osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessel
59
Q

What regulates calcium release from the bone?

A

Parathyroid hormone

60
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

61
Q

What separates bones in a fibrous joint?

A

Sutures

62
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Has cartilage in between the bones

63
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Joints have synovial fluid

64
Q

How can synovial joints be classified?

A

According to the direction they move

65
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A

Plane, hinge, ball and socket, pívot, saddle, condyloid

66
Q

What is a joint called if it only moves in one plane?

A

Hinge

67
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Modified hinge joint = synovial

Despite having cartilage it is not complete and therefore doesn’t form a true junction

68
Q

What is the purpose of the cartilage in the knee joint?

A

Reduce the pressure between the bones

69
Q

What is the purpose of the inner synovial membrane?

A

Contains synovial fluid which reduces friction during movement

70
Q

What is the purpose of the articular capsule?

A

Keeps bone together structurally

71
Q

Where does synovial fluid come from?

A

Synovial membrane

72
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Prevent excessive movement that could damage the joint

73
Q

What is the movement of the joint if you have more but tighter ligaments?

A

Greater stability but less mobility

74
Q

What is the movement of the joint if you have less ligaments by laxer ones?

A

Greater mobility but less stability

75
Q

What do you have a risk of with poor stability?

A

Risk of dislocation

76
Q

What results from excessive ligament laxity?

A

Hypermobility

77
Q

What are the four factors affecting joint stability?

A

Joint shape
Tendons
Ligaments
Cartilage

78
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Attach muscles to bone, and transmit the force from the muscle to the bone

79
Q

What are tendons made of?

A

Collagen

80
Q

What is the microstructure of tendons?

A

Parallel arrays of collagen fibers packed closely together

81
Q

What is the structure of collagen?

A

3 polypeptide chains wound around each other like a triple helix

82
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Join bone to bone in order to stabilize the joint

83
Q

Do ligaments have many nerves / blood vessels?

A

No

84
Q

What allows ligaments to tighten or loosen?

A

The functional sub units

85
Q

What is the outer covering of ligaments called?

A

Epiligament

86
Q

What part of ligaments transmits pain signals?

A

Type 3 fibres

87
Q

What is the purpose of cartilage?

A

Shock absorber to reduce friction

88
Q

What is cartilage made up of?

A

Chondrocytes which produce a lot of collagenour ECM

89
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Elastic
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage

90
Q

Compare the joint capsule of the hip and shoulder joint?

A

Shoulder = weak
Hip = strong

91
Q

What is the strength of the ligaments in the shoulder?

A

Lacks strong ligaments

92
Q

What are the ligaments like in the hip joint?

A

Strong

93
Q

What is the stability of the shoulder joint?

A

Unstable

94
Q

What is the stability of the hip joint?

A

Stable

95
Q

What is the mobility of the shoulder like?

A

Extremely mobile

96
Q

What is the motility of the hip joint like?

A

Less mobile

97
Q

state the stages of endochondral ossification - 5

A

bone collar formation => cavitation => periosteal bud invasion => diaphysis elongation => epiphyseal ossification

98
Q

what is the role of calcitonin

A

stimulates calcium uptake into the bone

99
Q

what is the role of Vitamin D

A

helps body absorb and use calcium

MUSCULOSKELETAL - BRS (13 decks)

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