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PHTH 7262 Practice Issues II > Introduction to Research Presentation - Dr. Wofford > Flashcards

Introduction to Research Presentation - Dr. Wofford Flashcards

1
Q

3 attributes of Basic research

A
  1. —Typically performed in a lab
  2. —Performed to obtain data that can be used to develop or test a theory
  3. —Not concerned with practical use of knowledge

(Also called bench research. example: Study regarding how platelets function)

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1
Q

Four attributes of Applied research

A
  1. —Most clinical research is applied
  2. —Attempts to solve practical problems and tests theories which impact clinical practice
  3. —Generally tested under actual clinical /practice conditions
  4. —ie: how could you strengthen the knee to prevent ACL tears
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2
Q

Meta-analysis is

A

The highest level of evidence

They are a systematic review of all the systematic reviews and they actually re-do all the statistics

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2
Q

Types of Variables: Three Quantification of Measurement variables

A
  1. Continuous variable
    • Can take on any value along a continuum within a rage
    • can be fractions of a number
  2. Descrete Variable
    • Variables which can only be whole units
  3. Dichotomous variable
    • Type of discrete variable
    • Can only take on one of two values
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3
Q

Case study, case control:

A

Case study, case control: one person write up after the fact as an example. See them a lot in JOSPT and PT Journal and are usually on an obscure condition or unique case.

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4
Q

Compare QuaNtitative Research & QuaLitative Research

A
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5
Q

DV

A

—Dependent (outcome) variable: effect ( ie pain, strength)

DV is outcome of interest. Ask what did we meausre after the intervention.

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6
Q

Four Attributes of QuaNtitative Research

A
  1. —Usually described as data (numbers)
  2. Measurement of outcomes using numerical data under controlled and standardized conditions
  3. —Advantage: ability to perform statistical analyses on subject data
  4. —Hypothesis driven
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7
Q

Another name for Basic research

A

Bench Research

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7
Q

Outcomes Research

A

—Outcomes research: nonexperimental research that evaluates outcomes of care in real life clinical situations

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7
Q

Case study, series

A

is just like a case study, but it is on more than one person. Something common to all the patients. Several cases with similar attribute written up after the fact as an example. See them a lot in JOSPT and PT Journal and are usually on an obscure condition or unique cases

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7
Q

Ratio Scale

A
  1. —Highest level of measurement
  2. —Like Interval scale but with an absolute zero
    • —Zero= complete absence of the measured property
    • —No negative values are allowed
  3. —Example: range of motion
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9
Q

Compare Experimental research & Nonexperimental research

A
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9
Q

What is the statistics program we will use?

A

SPSS

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10
Q

“All or none” (levels of evidence terminology)

A

—“All or none”: study in which some or all patients died before treatment became available and now none die

would be like a study on polio vaccine

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11
Q

Five attributes of QuaLitative research:

A
  1. Rarely described using numbers/data (so stats analyses are really not done)
  2. —Generally conducted under less strict conditions
  3. —Uses open-ended questions, interviews, observations
  4. —May describe the state of conditions, explore associations between variables, or formulate a theory or hypothesis
  5. Can help formulate hypothesis or theory (so often helpful to do before a quaNtitative study)
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11
Q

Four attributes of Experimental Research

A
  1. —Compares conditions or intervention groups (can do one or the other or both):
    • within group comparison
    • between group comparison
  2. —Aims to find cause-and-effect relationships (only one that can study cause and effect)
  3. —Researcher manipulates a variable and observes the resultant variation in the other variable(s)
  4. —Has both randomization and a control group (MUST have both)
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12
Q

Five attributes of Nonexperimental Research

A
  1. —Also called observational research
  2. —More descriptive or exploratory in nature
  3. —No direct control over variables
  4. —Lacks both randomization and control group
  5. cannot study cause & effect relationships (only correlational relationships)
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14
Q

Four Imporant Variables in Research

A
  1. —Independent variable: cause (ie: treatment, group)
  2. —Dependent (outcome) variable: effect (ie pain, strength)
  3. —Confounding variable: variable which obscures the effect of another variable
  4. —Control variable (covariate): extraneous variable which the researcher does not want to examine in the study and controls for
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15
Q

What are the most common two ways to classify research?

A

Quantitative vs Qualitative

&

Experimental vs Nonexperimental

(by far)

15
Q

Control Variable

A

—Control variable (covariate): extraneous variable which the researcher does not want to examine in the study and controls for

16
Q

Cohort Study

A

—Cohort study: two groups of subjects are followed for a period of time. Could be classified as either quasi experimental or nonexperimental

18
Q

Is PT research usally classified as Basic research or Applied research?

A

Applied, because most PT research is done in a clinical setting or a lab set up to simulate clinical settings

19
Q

Levels of Evidence of PT Articles (10 + 1):

A

Meta Analysis (should be at the top, but not included in ranking)

  1. Level 1a: Systematic Review of RCTs
  2. —Level 1b: Individual RCT with narrow CI
  3. —Level 1c: “all or none study”
  4. —Level 2a: Systematic Review of cohort studies
  5. —Level 2b: Individual cohort study
  6. —Level 2c: “outcomes research”
  7. —Level 3a: Systematic review of case-control study
  8. —Level 3b: Individual case-control study
  9. —Level 4: case-series, cohort or case-control study that it did define comparison groups adequately or did not measure outcomes objectively or have a sufficient follow-up
  10. —Level 5: expert opinion

(we are to use this ranking system throughout class and for our curriuculum)

21
Q

Approximately what percentage of what PTs do has good evidence to back it up?

A

~20%

22
Q

Would research in a lab set up to reproduce clinical settings most likely be classified as Basic Research or Applied Research?

A

Applied research becasue the lab is attempting to replicate clinical settings as opposed to being the type of lab that can do micro-biological or chemical analysis

23
Q

Dichotomous variable

A
  1. A type of discrete variable which is a type of Quantification of Measuremnt variable
  2. Can only take on one of two values
24
Q

Nominal Scale

A
  1. —Lowest level of measurement
  2. —Objects or people are assigned to categories that may be coded by name, number, letter or symbol
  3. —None of the categories have a quantitative value and there is no rank order
  4. —Example: blood type, gender (really common)
  5. —Must code the categories in order to perform statistical analysis
25
Q

The Elements of Evidence Based Practice can be expressed as a ________________. (describe it)

A

A three-legged stool:

  1. Best available evidence
    • about 20% of what PTs do has good evidence to back it
  2. Clinician’s experience
    • Bachelor’s trained PTs won’t have as much knowledge of evidence, but they have lots of experience
    • Experience cannot be understated
  3. Patient perspective
    • Patient experience/perspective is so important. Amount pt believes in treatment is very influential in outcomes
26
Q

Five Ways to Classify Research

A
  1. Quantitative vs. Qualitative
  2. Basic vs. Applied
  3. Translational
  4. Experimental vs. Nonexperimental
  5. Quasi experimental
27
Q

Other name for nonexperimental research

A

Observational research

29
Q

What is evidence based practice based on?

A

The foundation that quality of care is dependent on the clinician’s ability to make clinical decisions using the best available evidence.

The compenents of evidence-based practice can be expressed as a three-legged stool

30
Q

Confounding variable

A

—Confounding variable: variable which obscures the effect of another variable

32
Q

Ordinal Scale

A
  1. —Categories that are ranked by a characteristic or property
  2. —Intervals between the ranks may not be equal or consistent
  3. —Example: manual muscle grades
    • —The difference between a (5) and (4) for an 83 year old woman is not the same as the difference between (5) and (4) for a 22 year old athlete
34
Q

What kind of research is typically performed in a lab?

A

Basic (as apposed to applied)

36
Q

Compare Basic Research (5) & Applied Research (4)

A
37
Q

Interval Scale

A
  1. —Similar to ordinal in that it possess the rank-order characteristics
  2. —Difference is that there is known and equal distances or intervals between units of measurement
  3. —Not related to a true zero (must be something to measure)
    1. —Negative values may represent lesser amounts of an attribute or characteristic
  4. —Example: temperature scale (besides Kelvin) becasue you will never have an absence of temperature.

*

38
Q

Case control (levels of evidene terminology)

A

—Case-control: retrospective, epidemiological research design used to evaluate the relationship between a potential risk factor and a disease.

Example: smoking related to lung cancer patients is a good example. Risk factors developed from here.

39
Q

Continuous variable

A
  1. A type of Quantification of Measurement variable
  2. Can take on any value along a continuum within a rage
  3. can be fractions of a number
40
Q

Discrete Variable

A
  1. A type of Quantification of Measurement Variable
  2. Variables which can only be whole units
  3. Also has a subtype of Dichotomous variable
41
Q

Quasi Experimental Research (three things)

A
  1. In between Experimental and Nonexperimental Research
  2. Has EITHER a control group OR randomization (not both)
  3. Can only find correlations (not cause and effect)
42
Q

Translational Research (3 things and an example)

A
  1. Sort of a mix between Basic and Applied research where basic science principles are used in applied research
  2. —“Bedside to bench and back to bedside”
  3. —Application of basic scientific findings to clinical practice and/or formation of scientific questions from clinical situations
  4. Example: looked at healing mediators in knee and compared that to rate of reccurrence
43
Q

IV

A

Independant Variable: —cause (ie: treatment, group) - counterpart to DV

Very often at treatment or group assignment

Usually talked about in experiemental and quasi-esperimental studies

44
Q

Systematic Review is

A

Summarizing of RTCs. It is more of a descriptive study

45
Q

Four Types of Scales (levels) of measurement:

A
  1. —Nominal
  2. —Ordinal
  3. —Interval
  4. —Ratio
46
Q

Other name for observational research

A

nonexperimental research

47
Q

other name for bench research

A

basic research

48
Q

other name for basic research

A

bench research

PHTH 7262 Practice Issues II (10 decks)

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