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Clinical Psychology > Introduction to Psychopathology > Flashcards

Introduction to Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Criteria for determining abnormality

A
  • unusualness
  • social deviance
  • faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality
  • significant personal distress
  • maladaptive behavior
  • dangerousness
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2
Q

Maladaptive behaviour

A
  • cannot adapt to normal daily life.

- a threat to self and others

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3
Q

Define: mental disorder

A
  • a clinically significant disturbance in cognition,emotion regulation or behaviour
  • usually associated with significant distress or disability.
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4
Q

Demonic Possession

A
  • symptoms of psychopathology result from being possessed by evil spirits.
  • treated by exorcism
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5
Q

Trephination

A

boring a hole into the skull to release demons responsible for abnormal behaviour.

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6
Q

The Four Humors

A

Hippocrates believed that illnesses of the body and mind have natural causes. Galen proposed the links between temperament based on the four humours. Phlegm, Black bile, yellow bile, blood.

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7
Q

Phlegm

A

Phlegmatic: calm, unemotional, lethargic

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8
Q

Black bile

A

Melancholic: despondent, sleepless, irritable.

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9
Q

Blood

A

Sanguine: confident, optimistic

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10
Q

Yellow bile

A

Choleric: easily angered, bad tempered.

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11
Q

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)

A

stopped harsh practices of asylums. Used talking, understanding and concern

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12
Q

Moral Treatment (Quaker Movement)

A
  • abandoned medical practices.
  • understanding, hope and moral responsibility
  • occupational therapy
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13
Q

General paresis

A

psychological symptoms include personality changes, mood changes and dementia
(caused by syphilis)

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14
Q

Milieu therapy (1950s-1970s)

A
  • supportive environment
  • provides a sense of belonging, care and accountability
  • vocational and recreational activities
  • more likely to be discharged
  • less likely to relapse.
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15
Q

Token Economy (1950s-1970s)

A
  • based on operant conditioning
  • rewarded with tokens for desirable behaviour
  • promote social skills, independence and self-care
  • patients discharged sooner
  • use has declined since 1980s
  • because people have a right to basic items previously used as reinforcers
  • not always practical at maintaining positive behaviour after being discharged
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16
Q

Community Care

A
  • enabling people to remain in their homes and be independent
  • outpatient therapy
  • daily living support
  • day centres
  • employment services
  • peer support
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17
Q

The Biological Model - Genetics

A

Diathesis (inherited predisposition or vulnerability to developing a disorder) + stress (environmental) = psychological disorder

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18
Q

Frontal lobe in depression

A

decreased activation in prefrontal cortex - linked to goal attainment

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19
Q

Hippocampus in depression

A

fear related stimuli

deficits- dissociating affective responses from context - eg feel sad independent of context

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20
Q

Amygdala

A

fear response and emotional memory

- increased activation- prioritising threatening info and interpreting it negatively

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21
Q

Neurotransmitter used in mood disorders

A

serotonin and norepinephrine

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22
Q

Neurotransmitter used in anxiety disorders

A

norepinephrine and GABA

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23
Q

Neurotransmitter used in schizophrenia

A

dopamine

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24
Q

Neurotransmitter used in Alzheimer’s

A

acetylcholine

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25
Q

Critique of Biological model

A
  • assumes something is ‘broken’ but the symptoms may be an extreme of normal behaviour
  • the dysfunction is located within the individual
  • ignores socio-economic and enviro factors
  • cannot explain dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs
  • stigmatising (self and other)
  • person adopts a ‘sick role’
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26
Q

The purpose of classification

A
  • creates a common language for research and data sharing
  • understands the causes of psychopathology
  • develop effective treatment and prevention strategies
  • assess the effectiveness of treatments
  • organise services and support
  • medical aid
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27
Q

Problems with classification

A
  • labels can be stigmatising
  • encourages adoption of a ‘sick role’
  • defines disorders as discrete entities (have it or you don’t)
  • high rates of comorbidity
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28
Q

Axis 1

A

Clinical disorders

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29
Q

Axis 2

A

Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation

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30
Q

Axis 3

A

General Medical Conditions

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31
Q

Axis 4

A

Psychosocial and Environmental Problems

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32
Q

Axis 5

A

Global Assessment of Functioning (GAS) Score

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33
Q

DSM-5 Cultural Consideration Aims

A
  • enhance the cross-cultural applicability of the DSM
  • increase awareness of the challenges involved in using the DSM to evaluate people from diverse cultures
  • acknowledges the cultural differences in symptom presentation, expression of distress, course and prevalence
  • avoid misdiagnosis
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34
Q

The Cultural Formulation Interview

A

to increase the clinician’s understanding of the cultural context of illness experience

35
Q

The Clinical Interview

A
  • informal, unstructured or semi-structured conversation
  • gain a broad insight into client and their problems
  • assess the nature of symptoms
  • info about history and current circumstances
  • formulate treatment programme
36
Q

Psychological tests

A
  • most common form of assessment
  • highly structured
  • assess one or more specific characteristics
  • rigid response requirements
  • good reliability and validity
37
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

A
  • originally used to assess personality characteristics indicative of psychopathology
  • 3 broad domains, emotion, thought and behaviour
  • 10 clinical scales- depression, paranoia, social introversion
  • 15 content scales -eg anxiety, anger
  • good reliability and validity
38
Q

Specific Trait Inventories

A
  • measures functioning in one specific area eg. anxiety, depression, social skills, cognitive functioning
  • also used as a research tool for understanding causes of psychopathology
  • eg. Beck’s Depression Inventory
39
Q

Projective Tests

A
  • the person projects their unconscious desires and conflicts onto stimuli
  • lower reliability and validity
  • time consuming and needs expert training
40
Q

Case Formulation

A
  • use info to compile a psychological explanation of a client’s problem
  • ABC approach (Antecedents, Beliefs, Consequences)
  • developed with client
41
Q

6 components of Case Formulation

A
  1. create a problem list
  2. identify underlying psychological mechanisms
  3. how do these mechanisms generate problems?
  4. identify kinds of precipitating events
  5. how do these precipitating events generate problems?
  6. devise a treatment plan
42
Q

Biological Model- Genetics

A

diathesis (inherited predisposition to develop a disorder) + stress (environmental) = psychological disorder

43
Q

Neurotransmitters for mood disorders

A

serotonin and norepinephrine

44
Q

Neurotransmitters for anxiety disorders

A

norepinephrine and GABA

45
Q

Neurotransmitters for schizophrenia

A

dopamine

46
Q

Neurotransmitters for alzheimer’s

A

acetylcholine

47
Q

Drug treatments for depression

A
  • tricyclics eg trepeline
  • SSRIs
  • MAOIs
48
Q

antidepressent drugs side effects

A
  • nausea
  • dry mouth
  • drowsiness
  • insomnia
  • sweating
  • decreased sexual response
49
Q

Drug treatments for bipolar disorder

A
  • controls mood swings
  • lithium
  • anti-epileptic agents
50
Q

Drug treatments for anxiety

A

Anxiolytic drugs:

  • benzodiazepines (valium)
  • buspirone
  • SNRIs
51
Q

side effects of anxiety drugs

A
  • drowisness
  • light-headedness
  • dry mouth
  • depression
  • insomnia
  • confusion
  • highly addictive
52
Q

drug treatments for schizophrenia

A
  • olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine

- life long dosage

53
Q

side effects of antipsychotic drugs

A
  • blurred vision
  • muscle spasms
  • cardiac problems
  • weight gain
54
Q

Problems with drug treatments

A
  • overprescribed
  • not suitable for mild symptoms
  • relapse rate high when medication stops
  • does not address psychological, cognitive and social factors
55
Q

Critique of Biological Model

A
  • ignores socio-economic and enviro factors
  • doesnt explain dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs
  • stigmatising
  • adoption of ‘sick role’
  • assumes something is ‘broken’ but symptoms may be extreme form of ‘normal’ behaviour
56
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A
  • Sigmund Freud
  • psychological disorders are rooted in unconscious conflicts stemming from early childhood experiences
  • need to reveal these conflicts to reduce symtoms
57
Q

Id

A

instinctual needs, pleasure principle

58
Q

Ego

A

attempts to control the impulses of id

reality principle

59
Q

Superego

A

develops out of the id and ego

societal values

60
Q

Psychoanalysis aim

A

reveal unconscious conflicts causing symptoms of psychopathology
(free association, dream analysis, interpretation, transference, resistance)

61
Q

The Behavioural Model

A
  • the behaviour needs to change, it is not the symptom of an underlying cause
  • dysfunctional and adaptive behaviours are learnt
  • person can unlearn maladaptive behaviours and emotions
62
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Pavlov - learning association between 2 stimuli

63
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Skinner

learning a specific behaviour or response because it has rewarding or reinforcing consequences

64
Q

Classical Conditioning Therapies- Exposure therapy

A

aim- to decrease the conditioned fear response associated with a specific cue
-If the feared object is repeatedly paired with absence of trauma or relaxation it will no longer elicit a fear response

65
Q

Classical Conditioning Therapies- flooding, systematic desensitisation and aversion therapy

A

used to treat PTSD, phobias and OCD

66
Q

Flooding

A

repeated exposure to highly distressing stimuli

67
Q

Systematic Desensitisation

A
  • overcome fears though gradual and systematic exposure

- thoughts or events paired with relaxation

68
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

-conditions an aversion to a stimulus
-stimulus is paired with an aversive stimulus
-results in an aversive conditioned response
(eg alcohol)

69
Q

Operant Conditioning Therapy Aims

A
  • understand the factors reinforcing a person’s inappropriate behaviours
  • use reinforcers or rewards to establish new/appropriate behaviours
  • used to treat PTSD, OCD, phobias
70
Q

Functional Analysis

A
  • identify factors triggering the behaviour
  • identify consequences of maintaining the behaviour

ABC
A-Antecedent
B-Behaviour
C-Consequence

71
Q

The Cognitive Perspective

A
  • Symptoms of psychopathology are caused by irrational beliefs and dysfunctional ways of thinking
  • These beliefs and cognitions can also maintain symptoms
  • Aim of therapy – identify, challenge and replace dysfunctional beliefs and thoughts
72
Q

Rational Emotional Therapy (Ellis)

A

-irrational assumptions result in distress, anxiety and depression
-aim: to challenge irrational beliefs and replace them with more rational ones
ABCDEF approach

73
Q

ABCDEF of Rational Emotional Therapy

A 
Activating event
Belief
Consequences
Disputing intervention
Effective philosophy 
new Feelings
74
Q

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy

A

Aim – to improve emotional well-being by increasing a person’s awareness of how their automatic cognitive and behavioural reactions can cause distress

75
Q

Cognitive Therapy (Aaron Beck)

A

Aim of therapy:

  • Help the person to become conscious of these beliefs
  • Asking them to provide evidence for these beliefs
  • Replace these beliefs with more rational cognitive schemas
  • uses diaries, homework
76
Q

Family Therapy (Salvador Minuchin)

A
  • locus of pathology is in the context of the family, not the individual
  • families that are overprotective, stifling independence, rigidity, poor problem solving
77
Q

Family Therapy aim

A
  • To understand the complex relationships that exist between family members
  • To understand the function of the presenting symptoms
  • To remould these relationships so that the family can function more effectively
  • To improve communication between family members
  • To resolve specific conflicts
78
Q

The Humanistic Perspective

A
  • consider the whole person not only their symptoms
  • believe people are essentially good
  • problems arise when obstacle prevent a person from realising their full potential
79
Q

Carl Roger’s Personality Theory

A

-self-concept: the picture a person has of themselves and the values they attach to themselves
-ideal self: the self-concept a person would like to have.
-should be in harmony
-To understand the complex relationships that exist between family members
To understand the function of the presenting symptoms
To remould these relationships so that the family can function more effectively
To improve communication between family members
To resolve specific conflicts

80
Q

Roger’s Client-Centred Therapy

A
  • If people are unrestricted by fears and conflicts they will develop into happy, well-adjusted individuals
  • Goal – to develop the client to a point where they are successful in experiencing and accepting themselves and are able to resolve their own conflicts and difficulties
  • The therapist provides a supportive emotional climate
81
Q

The Four Stages of DBT (Dialectical Behaviour Therapy) for BPD

A
  1. Address dangerous and impulsive behaviours
  2. Moderate extreme emotions
  3. Improve self-esteem and the person’s ability to deal with relationships
  4. Promote positive emotions such as happiness
82
Q

Zen Philosophy

A
  • Letting go of attachments to what you think reality should be like
  • Finding a middle path through acceptance, self-validation and tolerance
  • Focusing on the present moment, accepting reality as it is, without judgement
  • Mindfulness
83
Q

Distress Tolerance

A
  • Designed to help people deal with overwhelming emotions, thoughts and situations
  • Used to temporarily ride out an emotional storm:
    1. Acceptance and validation
    2. Distraction
    3. Self-soothing
84
Q

Interpersonal Effectiveness

A

-Objective effectiveness (DEAR MAN)
(Describe, Express, Assert, Reinforce, Mindfully, Appear confident, Negotiate)
-Relationship effectiveness
-Self-respect effectiveness

Clinical Psychology (10 decks)

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