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Clinical Psychology > Eating Disorders > Flashcards

Eating Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

NB features of anorexia nervosa

A
  • a refusal to maintain a minimal body weight
  • pathological fear of gaining weight
  • a distorted body image in which sufferers continue to insist they are overweight
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2
Q

2 types of anorexia nervosa

A
  1. restricted type anorexia nervosa

2. binge eating/purging type anorexia nervosa

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3
Q

restricted type anorexia nervosa

A

restricts food intake and does not binge or purge

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4
Q

binge eating/purging type anorexia nervosa

A

engages in purging activities to help control weight gain.

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5
Q

Physiological effects of anorexia nervosa

A
  • tiredness, cardiac arrhythmias, low blood pressure and slow heartbeat
  • dry skin and brittle hair
  • kidney and gastrointestinal problems
  • development of lanugo (soft downy hair) on the body
  • absence of menstrual cycles (amenorrhea)
  • hypothermia
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6
Q

amenorrhea

A

abnormal absence of periods

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7
Q

anorexia nervosa is highly comorbid with…

A

major depression, OCD

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8
Q

lifetime prevalence rates of anorexia nervosa for females

A

0.5%

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9
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A
  • fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image
  • periods of binge eating followed by fasting or purging
  • 90% are female
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10
Q

DSM 5 diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa

A
  1. recurrent episodes of binge eating. (during a discrete period of time, a large amount of food, a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode)
  2. recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour in order to prevent weight gain (vomiting, exercise, medication, fasting)
  3. binge eating and compensatory behaviour need to occur once a week for 3 months
  4. self evaluation is influenced by body shape and weight
  5. does not occur excessively during episodes of anorexia.
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11
Q

DSM 5 diagnostic criteria for anoerexia nervosa

A
  1. restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to significantly low weight
  2. intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
  3. distorted body image, influence of body weight/shape on self evaluation or persistent lack of recognitions for the current low body weight
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12
Q

life prevalence rate of bulimia nervosa in females

A

1-3%

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13
Q

bulimia nervosa is highly comorbid with…

A

major depression, personality disorders, substance abuse and dependency

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14
Q

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

A
  • recurrent episodes of binge eating without fasting or binging
  • tend to be overweight with a long history of failed dieting and weight-loss attempts
  • develops late adolescence or early adulthood
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15
Q

DSM 5 diagnostic criteria for BED

A
  1. recurrent episodes of binge eating (eating at a discrete time.in a 2 hour period, an amount of food that is larger than most people could eat. A sense of lack of control of eating in this period)
  2. episodes are associated with 3 or more of the following:
    - eating much more rapidly than normal
    - eating until feeling uncomfortably full
    - eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry
    - eating alone bc of embarrassment over how much one is eating
    - feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed or guilty afterwards.
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16
Q

lifetime prevalence in the general population for binge eating disorder

A

3%

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17
Q

Biological factors of eating disorders

A
  • genetic component
  • role of lateral hypothalamus
  • reinforcement by endogenous opioids
  • serotonin metabolites
  • neuroendocrine dysfunction
18
Q

sociocultural

A
  • media influences
  • body dissatisfaction and dieting
  • peer influences
  • familial factors
19
Q

familial factors

A
  • eating disorders have a tendency to run in families

- the sufferer may be embedded in a dysfunctional family structure that promotes the development of eating disorders

20
Q

Families with eating disorders may show at least one of the following characteristics

A
  • enmeshment
  • overprotection
  • rigidity
  • lack of conflict resolution
21
Q

Experiential Factors

A
  • anorexia and bulimia sufferers report more negative life experiences
  • higher incidence of childhood sexual abuse in anorexia and bulimia but not binge eating
  • eating disorders comes to be a coping mechanism
22
Q

Psychological and Dispositional Factors

A
  • perfectionism
  • shyness
  • neuroticism
  • low self esteem
  • high introspective awareness
  • dependence and non-assertiveness
23
Q

Treatment of eating disorders

A
  • pharmacological treatments
  • family therapy
  • Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
24
Q

Difficulty in treating eating disorders

A
  • sufferers often deny their disorder or illness
  • often require medical treatment prior to psychological treatment
  • regularly comorbid with other psychiatric disorders requiring complex treatment
25
Q

Prevention programmes

A
  • school-based prevention programmes emphasise:
  • the role of the media in promoting extreme body ideals
  • the need to develop positive body image
  • need for healthy diet
26
Q

Pharmacological Treatment

A
  • antidepressants most common form of drug use
  • some say this reduces bulimia symptoms but pharmacological treatments with anorexia is less successful
  • antidep. associated with greater relapse and drop out than psychological intervention
  • best outcome: when drug treatments are combined with CBT programmes
27
Q

Family Therapy

A
  • most common interventions used with eating disorders

- based on view that eating disorders hide important conflicts within the family

28
Q

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

A
  • treatment of choice for bulimia

- challenges the negative evaluation and idealised beliefs of thinness

29
Q

Fairburn’s (1997) cognitive model of the maintenance of bulimia…

A

Low self-esteem leads to concerns about weight, followed by dietary restriction, which – when such dieting fails – leads to binge eating and subsequent purging. Following purging, individuals become more determined to restrict eating, and a vicious cycle is established that maintains the bingeing-purging pattern.

30
Q

stages of CBT for bulimia

A

CBT will cover:

  • meal planning for stimulus control
  • cognitive restructuring to address dysfunctional beliefs about shape and weight
  • developing relapse prevention methods
31
Q

According to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, one of the objective levels for judging whether an individual should be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa is:

A

BMI ≥ 17 kg/m2

32
Q

what is not a physical symptom of anorexia nervosa

A

high blood pressure

33
Q

what is the percentage of anorexia sufferers who also have a lifelong diagnosis of major depression?

A

50-68%

34
Q

What percentage of anorexia sufferers also meet diagnostic criteria for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) or Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) at some time during their life?

A

15-69%

35
Q

In Bulimia nervosa, individuals may indulge in excessive amounts of eating. According to Garfinkel, Kennedy & Kaplan (1995), how many bouts of overeating can occur in one week?

A

2-12

36
Q

The frequent comorbidity of bulimia with both personality disorders and substance abuse has led to the proposal that bulimia is part manifestation of a broader syndrome. This is known as:

A

multi-impulsive syndrome

37
Q

.Animal research has shown that lesions to which part of the brain can cause appetite loss resulting in a self-starvation syndrome?

A

lateral hypothalamus

38
Q

Dysfunctional family structure that actively promotes the development of eating disorders has been termed as what?

A

family systems theory

39
Q

Steiger et al. (2000) found that childhood sexual abuse only facilitated bulimia in the presence of which disorders?

A

Borderline personality disorder

40
Q

A recent family-based therapy for eating disorders is known as the:

A

Maudsley approach

41
Q

According to research, females are ­­­­________ as likely to develop an eating disorder than males.

A

ten times

42
Q

There is evidence of an inherited component to eating disorders which may account for up to what percentage of the variance in factors causing these disorders?

A

50%

Clinical Psychology (10 decks)

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