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Psychology > Introduction To Psychology > Flashcards

Introduction To Psychology Flashcards

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0
Q

A difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist is? X2

A
  • A psychiatrist can prescribe medicine whilst a psychologist cannot
  • psychiatrist study for 13 years to qualify as registered psychiatrist. Psychologist complete min 4 yrs under graduate and post graduate study in the area
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1
Q

Similarities between psychologist and psychiatrist x2

A
  • both need get a degree

- both treat people with mental issues and problems

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2
Q

Psychology is defined as a science because?

A

Hypothesis are proposed and then tested using scientific method

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3
Q

What is psychology?

A

Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and the mind. It is an investigation of mental processes using scientific research methods

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4
Q

An organism moving quickly towards a safer environment due to a stimulus is an example of

A

Kinesics

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5
Q

Different types of psychologist x9

A
  • sport psychologist
  • clinical psychologist
  • community psychologist
  • forensic psychologist
  • clinical neuropsychologist
  • counselling psychologist
  • educational and developmental psychologist
  • organisational psychologist
  • health psychologist
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6
Q

Behaviour:

A

Any observable action made by a living person or animal

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7
Q

Stimulus:

A

Any factor that causes a response in an organism
External stimulus: eg. Sight of a predator
Internal stimulus: eg. Hunger

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8
Q

Innate behaviour (instinctive)

A 
Behaviour organism is born with
Inflexible
Response is built in 
Eg. Spider building web
Birds build nest
Smiling, hungry and eating
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9
Q

Types of innate behaviours x4

A
  • reflex
  • taxis
  • kinesis
  • complex innate behaviour
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10
Q

Reflex:

A

Movement of a body part in response to a stimulus e.g. Touching hot object and pulling away or blinking

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11
Q

Taxis:

A

Orientating behaviour in which an animal turns towards or away from stimulus such as light

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12
Q

Kinesis:

A

Change the speed of random movement in response to an environmental stimulus. Purpose is to escape a hostile environment quickly

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13
Q

Complex innate behaviour:

A

Also known as instinct, stereotyped and often complex series of movement eg. migration of birds
Response is caused by particular stimulus

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14
Q

Learned behaviour:

A

Occurs when an organism changes its behaviour as a result of experience

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15
Q

Learning types x3

A
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
  • habituation
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16
Q

Example of kinesis

A

Pill bugs move from a dry environment to damp environment to keep cool and obtain moisture

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17
Q

A type of learning involving reinforcements and punishments is known as…

A

Operant conditioning

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18
Q

Conditioning occurs when animals:

A

Associate one stimulus with another stimulus which then brings about the same response

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19
Q

Classical conditioning

A
  • reinforcement occurs before the response
  • learner is passive
  • response is automatic
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20
Q

Example of classical conditioning

A

Pavlov’s dog

Dog learnt to salivate to the sound of the bell after the bell was conditioned with the food

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21
Q

Operant conditioning

A
  • is when reinforcement occurs after response
  • the learner is active
  • response is voluntary
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22
Q

Example of classical conditioning

A

Is when rat learns to press a lever. There is an initial noise that can only stop when the rat presses the lever

23
Q

Habituation

A

Is the gradual loss to the response of a stimulus that proves to be harmless

24
Q

Example of habituation x2

A
  • not waking up to the sound of grandfather clock

- gorillas become unaffected by humans

25
Q

Trial and error learning

A
  • behaviour improves

- skill level increases over time and experience

26
Q

Example of trial and error learning x2

A
  • riding a bike

- bird learns how to fly

27
Q

Punishment

A

Is when the behaviour is followed by a good or bad stimulus. It is designed to cause a decrease in the behaviour

28
Q

Example of punishment

A

When a student does not do their homework they get a detention

29
Q

Example of complex innate behaviour

A
  • bee waggle dance
  • migration of bird
  • courtship rituals male peacock
  • three spind stickleback
30
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Is when you use a positive stimulus to increase the behaviour

31
Q

Example of positive reinforcement

A

Every time a student does her homework a teacher gives him or her a sticker
Worker gets bonus

33
Q

Example of Negative reinforcement

A

A mouse stops receiving screeching sound in its cage every time it stands on its back feet. The mouse learns to stand on its back feet for extended periods of time

34
Q

Independent variable

A

Is the variable in an experiment that is selected then manipulated or changed in some way to measure its effects on the dependent variable

35
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable that measures the effect of the independent variable

36
Q

Ethics

A

Are moral principals and standards that guide individuals to distinguish between right and wrong, good and bad

37
Q

Guidelines that must be adhered when doing experiments with animals

A
  • directly supervised by someone who can ensure their comfort and health
  • if must die, it must be done quickly
  • not experience any pain
38
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Is when you remove a unpleasant/ negative stimulus to increase behaviour

39
Q

Mean

A
  • average

- add all scores and divide by number of scores

40
Q

Median

A
  • Mid point
  • smallest to largest
  • if two add them and divide by two
41
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occurring score

42
Q

Overt and covert behaviours

A

Covert behaviour is hidden

Overt behaviour is something other people can see

43
Q

Cat in the puzzle box

A

Edward thorndike famous for his work that lead to operant conditioning. Placed cat in puzzle box and encouraged to escape to reach a scrap of fish outside. Eventually the cat found lever that would open cage. Over time becomes quicker at pressing lever

44
Q

Scientific Method steps

A

Step 1: identify the research topic of interest
Step 2: formulating the aim and hypothesis
Step 3: selecting research method and designating the study
Step 4: collecting data
Step 5: analysing data and drawing conclusions

45
Q

Planarian prac

A

Displayed negative behaviours towards light and dry and positive towards dark and moist

46
Q

Ethical guidelines x7

A 
Informed consent
Voluntary Participation 
Deception
Debriefing
Withdrawal 
Confidentiality 
Professional conduct
47
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants must give informed consent in writing. Must be made aware of the aim of the research and all procedures involved.

48
Q

Voluntary participation

A

Must participate willingly and not be forced

49
Q

Deception

A

Participants should not be deceived over nature of research or any procedures involved in the research

50
Q

Debriefing

A

Psychologist must explain and discuss all procedures and results with participant

51
Q

Withdrawal

A

Participants have right to withdraw at anytime for any reason

52
Q

Confidentiality

A

Results should remain confidential and identities should not be revealed eg. Use of initials

53
Q

Professional conduct

A

Australian psychology society published a guideline of conducting research that must be adhered at all times

54
Q

Overt and covert behaviours

A

Covert behaviour is hidden

Overt behaviour is something other people can see

55
Q

Cat in the puzzle box

A

Edward thorndike famous for his work that lead to operant conditioning. Placed cat in puzzle box and encouraged to escape to reach a scrap of fish outside. Eventually the cat found lever that would open cage. Over time becomes quicker at pressing lever

56
Q

Scientific Method steps

A

Step 1: identify the research topic of interest
Step 2: formulating the aim and hypothesis
Step 3: selecting research method and designating the study
Step 4: collecting data
Step 5: analysing data and drawing conclusions

Psychology (5 decks)

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