Introduction to Principles of Animal Breeding and Genetics Flashcards
One or two of the alternative forms of a gene that is usually recognizable by phenotypes; different forms of the genes
Allele
that chromosomes are physical carrier of the genes
Chromosomes theory of Inheritance
this is the study of chromosomal structure, location, and function in cells, which includes the study of the number of chromosomes, appearance, physical locations of genes on chromosomes, and chromosomal behavior during cell division.
Cytogenetics
when one allele marks the expression of other alleles
Dominance
inherited factors that determine particular characteristics of an individual
Genes
is a branch of biology that deals with the principles of heredity and variations of living things. The core of biological science that seeks to understand the molecular and physical bases of biological diversity, the mechanisms that result from these diversities, and the principles that govern their heredity from one generation to another.
Genetics
is the study of genes, genetics, inheritance, molecular biology, biochemistry, biological statistics and incorporates the knowledge of advanced technologies, computer science, and mathematics.
Genomics
a cell having different alleles at a given locus on homologous chromosomes
Heterozygous
a cell having identical alleles at a given locus on homologous chromosomes
Homologous
an offspring of a cross between two genetically unlike individuals
Hybrid
crossing of individuals with two contrasting traits
Hydridization
a cross between individuals that have different alleles at one gene
Monohybrid
an allele that does not function when two different alleles are present in the cells of an organism
Recessive
a population that breeds true to a particular character
Pureline/ Pure breed
Is the science of heredity and variation
Genetics
This theory proposed that semen was formed everywhere in a man’s body and such semen is reflected in the characteristics of the body part where it is formed. That semen traveling through the blood vessels into the female reproductive organs. This has been accepted by many biologists of the 19th century including Charles Darwin.
Aristotle’s Theory of Pangenesis
proposed the Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics. The fundamental mechanism of evolutionary change.
Example: Body modifications acquired by use and disuse could be transmitted to progeny because the semen formed reflected such modification.
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
first challenge the theory of Pangenesis. Weisman’s experiments on the inheritance of mice tails showed that cutting off the tails of mice generation after generation produced progeny of normal tail length.
August Weismann’s
important contribution to the science of genetics was the demonstration that the appearance of different characters in heredity followed specific laws that could be determined by counting the diverse kind of offspring produced from any particular set of crosses.
Gregor Mendel
in Germany independently suggested the association of the Mendelian factors with the chromosomes by pointing to the resemblances in behavior between the two.
Walter S. Sutton of USA and Theodore Boveri in Germany
They also demonstrated that each chromosome contained not one but many genes.
Thomas H. Morgan in 1901 and Calvin B. Bridges in 1916
provided the information indicating that Mendel’s principles also applied to animals. Bateson coined the terms genetics, genes and alleles
Bateson, Sanders and Cuenot
-English naturalist who developed the
The scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies.
-He established the role of natural variation and natural selection in evolution
- Father of Evolution
Charles Darwin
-He helped discover evolution together with Charles Darwin.
-He believed that animals evolve by adapting to their environment.
-Known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection
- Father of biogeography
Alfred Russel Wallace
- Austrian Monk, who performed extensive experiment on inheritance and genetics of sweet pea plants
- The Father of Genetics
- The Mendel’s laws of inheritance include law of dominance, law of segregation and law of independent assortment.
- Identified many of the rules of heredity.
- Identified recessive and dominant traits
which pass from parents to offspring
Gregor Mendel
Showed that DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells, clarifying the chemical nature of genes.
They identified DNA as the “transforming principle” while studying Streptococcus pneumoniae, bacteria that can cause pneumonia.
Oswald Avery, Colin macleod, Maclyn MacCarty
They determined the structure of DNA, and others suggested that DNA contained a genetic code. The code was discovered in the 1960’s. Crick discovered the process of transcription and translation and led to formation of the “central dogma of molecular biology”.
Watson and Crick
He proposed the biogenetic law so that researchers could use the stages of embryological development to help construct evolutionary (phylogenetic) trees.
He claimed that phylogenesis, or the process by which groups of organisms diversify from one another, influenced the development (ontogeny) of embryos
Ernst Haekel
He isolated “nuclein,” DNA with associated proteins, from cell nuclei.
He was the first to identify DNA as a distinct molecule.
He was the first scientist to isolate nucleic acid.
Friedrich Miescher
Areas of Genetics
Classical Genetics
Mendelian Genetics
Techniques and methodologies used in genetics called
Classical Genetics
What are the Classical Genetics?
- Behavioral
- Clinical
- Molecular
*Population and Ecological - Genomics
- Genetic Engineering
the study of the influence of varying genetics on animal behavior
Behavioral
field of genetics to diagnose and treat and counsel genetic disorders.
Clinical
It focuses on the structure of genes
Molecular
Subfields of classical genetics.
Population and Ecological
Knowledge of large-scale of genetic patterns.
Genomics
Manipulation of genes
Genetic Engineering
It governs the transfer of heredity characters from parent to offspring.
Mendelian genetics
Genetics has scope/ role in the following fields:
- Genetics as the base of Biological sciences
2.Role of genetics in food production
3.Disease control - Conservation of wildlife
- Genetic Engineering/ Biotechnology
- Legal applications
Provide a foundation for biological studies.
Genetics as the basis of Biological sciences
Rules of genetics help to introduce new varieties of plants and livestock.
Role of genetics in food production
Gene therapy helps to cure new varieties of plants and livestock.
Disease Control
can be achieved by conserving the germplasm of endangered species.
Conservation of wildlife
Genetic engineering/Biotechnology:
Genetic engineering has many applications including:
a. Development of transgenic crops
b. Gene therapy
c. Improvement in food production
d. Control of genetic diseases
Genetics has helped solve problems of disputed parentage. Blood type and DNA analyses may establish the parentage of children.
Legal applications
