Basic Genetics And Biochemistry of Inheritance Flashcards
is made up of several structural organelles enclosed in the plasma
membrane, that enable it to function properly, eliciting mechanisms that benefit the host (animal).
Animal cell
This is a thread-like structure of nucleic acids and protein
found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Chromosomes
the study of inheritance in relation to the structure and function of
chromosomes.
Cytogenetics
this the production of gametes from haploid precursor cells.
Gametogenesis
is the study of chromosomal structure, location and function in cells. It includes the study of chromosome number and appearance (karyotyping), the physical location of genes on chromosomes, and chromosomal behavior in processes such as cell division.
Cytogenetics
This is a protective membrane that protects and covers
animal cell and membrane organelles including cell nucleus.
Cell membrane
-This is a thin semi-permeable membrane
-It contains a percentage of lipids making a semi-permeable barrier between the cell and its physical environment.
-It has also some protein components
-It is very consistent around the cell
-All living cells have a plasma membrane.
Structure of plasma membrane ( cell membrane)
To enclose and protect the cell content
To also regulate the molecules that pass into and out of the cell, through the plasma membrane. Therefore it controls homeostasis.
The proteins are actively involved in transporting materials across the membrane
The proteins and lipids allow cell communication, and carbohydrates (sugars and sugar chains), which decorate both the proteins and lipids and help cells recognize each other
Function of plasma membrane ( cell membrane)
This is a spherical structured organelle found majorly at the center of a cell surrounded by a double-layered nuclear membrane separating it from the cytoplasm.
Nucleus
The double-layered membrane is a continuous channel of membranous from the endoplasmic reticulum network.
The membrane has pores which allow entry of large molecule
Nucleoli (Singular; nucleolus) are tiny/small bodies found in the nucleus
The nucleus and its component organelles are suspended in thenucleoplasm (House of the chromosomal DNA and genetic materials)
Structure of Nucleus
Function of Nucleus
The primary role of the nucleus is to control and regulate cell activities of growth and maintain cell metabolisms.
It also carries the genes that have hereditary information of the cell.
The chromosomal DNA and genetic materials, which are made up of genetic coded ultimately make up their proteins’ amino acid sequences for use by the cell.
Therefore, the nucleus is the information center.
It is the site for Transcription (formation of mRNA from DNA) and the mRNA is transported to the nuclear envelope.
This is a gel-like material that contains all the cell organelles, enclosed within the cell membrane.
Cytoplasm
These are membrane-bound organelles located in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria
Structure of mitochondria
They are rod-shaped or oval or spherically shaped, with a size of 0.5 to 10 μm.
Mitochondria have two special membranes – outer and inner membrane.
They have a mitochondrial gel-matric in the central mass.
The membranes bend into folds known ascristae.
Functions of Mitochondria
Their primary function is to generate energy for the cell i.e they are the power generators, producing energy in form of Adenosine Tri-phosphate (ATP), by converting nutrients and oxygen into energy enabling the cell to perform its function and to also release excess energy from the cell.
Mitochondria store calcium which assists in cell signaling activity, generating cellular and mechanical heat and mediating cellular growth and death.
The outer membrane is permeable, allowing the transport of small molecules and a special channel to transport large molecules.
The inner mitochondrial membrane is less permeable thus allowing very small molecules into the mitochondrial gel-matrix in the central mass. The gel matrix is composed of the mitochondria DNA and enzymes for the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle or the Kreb’s Cycle.
They are small organelles majorly made up of 60% RNA cytoplasmic- granules and 40% proteins.
Ribosomes
Structure of Ribosomes
Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In a eukaryotic cell, ribosomes constitute half ribosomal RNA and half ribosomal proteins.
Each ribosome is made up of two subunits i. e large subunit and small subunit with their own distinct shapes. These subunits are designated as the 40s and 60s in the animal cell.
Function of Ribosomes
Ribosomes that occur as free particles are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane occurring in large numbers accounting for about a quarter of the cell organelles. A single replicated cell has about 10 million ribosomes.
The ribosomal subunits are the site for genetic coding into proteins. On the ribosomes, the mRNA helps determine the coding for Transfer RNA (tRNA) which also determines the protein amino acid sequences. This leads to the formation of the rRNA which are involved in the catalyzation of peptidyl transferase creating the peptide bond found between the amino acid sequences that develop the proteins. The formed proteins then detach from the ribosomes, migrating to other cell parts for utilization by the cell.
Structure of Endoplasmic Reticulum( ER)
This is a continuous folded membranous organelle found in the cytoplasm made up of a thin network of flattened interconnected compartments (sacs) that connects from the cytoplasm to the cell nucleus.
Within its membranes, there are membranous spaces called the
Cristae spaces
Membrane folding are called
Cristae
There are two types of ER based on their structure and the function they perform including
Rough Endoplasmic reticulumand Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
