introduction to plants Flashcards
are the sources of multiple products
of human society
PLANTS-basic human foods and have been domesticated for millennia. Plants have many cultural and other uses
is
responsible for changing global climate.
Accumulation of atmospheric CO2
is the
scientific study of plants
BOTANY - , branch of biology that deals with the study of plants, including their structure, properties, and biochemical processes. Also included are plant classification and the study of plant diseases and of interactions with the environment.
don’t produce flowers
Conifers (gymnosperms) - Gymnosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants, such as cycads, ginkgo, yews and conifers, in which the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. The word “gymnosperm” comes from the Greek word gymnospermos, meaning “naked seeds”.
lack true leaves, stems, and roots
and neither mosses or ferns produce flowers.
Mosses - are non-flowering plants which produce spores and have stems and leaves, but don’t have true roots.
were once considered plants but
are now excluded.
FUNGI - is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
Was developed by ancient Greek
philosophers. Involves developing logical explanations for
simple observations of the world.
Does not involve any verification of truth.
Only predictions were made without
experimentation. Is problematic because several conclusions
may be equally logical and plausible.
SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY - a philosophy professing to be founded upon intuitive or a priori insight and especially insight into the nature of the Absolute or Divine. broadly : a philosophy of the transcendent or one lacking empirical bases
slowly developed
starting before the 1400s, with four basic
tenets.
Source of information
Phenomena that can be studied
Constancy and universality
Based on skepticism
SCIENTIFIC METHOD - is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation.
Information must be derived only from carefully
documented and controlled observations or
experiments.
Any claim must be subject to verification and proof.
SOURCE OF INFORMATION
Only tangible phenomena and observations may
be studied.
Anything that cannot be observed (or detected by
an instrument) cannot be studied.
PHENOMENA THAT CAN BE STUDIED
Physical forces that control the world are constant
through time and the same everywhere.
Experiments done at one place and time should give
the same results if carefully repeated at a different
time and place.
Constancy and universality allow us to plan future
experiments and predict what the outcome should
be.
CONTANCY AND UNIVERSATILITY
The fundamental basis of the scientific method is
skepticism.
Skepticism is never being certain of a conclusion
and of always being willing to consider new
evidence.
BASIS - SKEPTICISM
must make predictions that
can be tested.
HYPOTHESIS - is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
develops from a hypothesis that
consistently matches observations and
garners greater confidence.
THEORY - is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking.
Describing, naming and
classifying plants
PLANTS TAXONOMY - is the science of naming organisms and placing them in a hierarchical structure,
Developing methods
for classifying and naming plants
PLANT SYSTEMATICS - is a science that includes and encompasses traditional taxonomy; however, its primary goal is to reconstruct the evolutionary history of plant life.
Form and structure of
plants
Plant Morphology- is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants.
Internal structure of
plants
Plant Anatomy - the study of the tissue and cell structure of plant organs.
How plants function (photosynthesis, mineral nutrition)
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY - is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants.
Structures, functions, and life processes of plant cells
Plant Cell biology
Cell structure and function
Cell Biology
Structures and functions of important biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids)
Plant molecular biology -
Plant heredity and variation
PLANT GENETICS - is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity specifically in plants.
Plant heredity and variation
PLANT GENETICS - is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity specifically in plants.
Interrelationships among plants, and between plants and their environment
Plant ecology - is a subdiscipline of ecology which studies the distribution and abundance of plants, the effects of environmental factors upon the abundance of plants, and the interactions among and between plants and other organisms.
Practical uses of plants and plant products Still vast amounts of botanical information yet to be discovered
Economic Botany and Ethnobotany - is the interaction of people with plants. Economic botany is closely related to the field of ethnobotany
Plant distributions
PLANT GEOGRAPHY - The study of the spatial distributions of plants and vegetation and of the environmental relationships which may influence these distributions.
were originally simple and increased in complexity through evolution by natural selection.
ORGANISMS - a living thing made up of one or more cells and able to carry on the activities of life
Organisms reproduce and have non-identical offspring whose features pass to more offspring. Offspring with features that are well-adapted to the environment reproduce more.
NATURAL SELECTION = is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. I
Organisms reproduce and have non-identical offspring whose features pass to more offspring. Offspring with features that are well-adapted to the environment reproduce more.
NATURAL SELECTION = is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. I
Life on Earth began about 3.5 billion years ago with
prokaryotes (bacteria and archaeans). - are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles.
arose 2.8 billion years ago in a cyanobacterium.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS - is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.
have nuclei (plants, fungi, animals, algae).
EUKARYOTES - are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
All organisms fit into three large groups called
DOMAINS - BACTERIA, ARCHEA, EUKARYA
evolved into plants and algae.
THOSE WITH MITHOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLAST
evolved into protozoans, fungi, and animals.
THOSE WITH MITHOCHONDRIA
Features that seem relatively unchanged are
relictual features or plesiomorphic features.
SPECIES OF PLANTS TAHT EXIST TODAY
OVER 297,000
major impacts on the environment:
Drained wetlands
Cleared natural vegetation
Dumped wastes and pollution
Used pesticides and herbicides
