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Physiology > Introduction to Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

What physiological factors does the body maintain?

A
  • pH level
  • Temperature level
  • O & CO2 level
  • Blood pressure
  • Intracellular and extracellular fluid volumes such as right amount of food intake
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1
Q

What is Physiology?

A

Study of how the body functions

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2
Q

What is a disease?

A

A failure to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

What are the control systems of the body?

A

Nervous System & Endocrine System

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4
Q

What is a negative feedback mechanism?

A
  • the most common feedback mechanism
  • the output goes the opposite direction of the input
  • eg. temp increases – body temp decreases
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7
Q

What is an Anticipatory Response?

A
  • a type of NS/Endocrine Response
  • a response that occurs prior to the evoking of the stimulus being presented
  • it can be learned (eg. putting on a coat before stepping in the cold)
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8
Q

What is a feedback mechanism?

A
  • A type of a NS/Endocrine Response

- a mechanism that respond to change in syste

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9
Q

What does a feedback mechanism consist of?

A
  • set point = a range of values of a variable that do not bring about a response (normal range)
  • receptors
  • control areas
  • effectors
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10
Q

What is a positive feedback mechanism?

A
  • less common type of feedback mechanism
  • the output intensifies the input (eg. uterine contractions during childbirth)
  • therefore it is not homeostatic
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11
Q

What is the process of a feedback mechanism?

A

Variable –> receptors –> control area –> effector

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12
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

When the ECF has lower OP (meaning lower solute & Higher H2O) than the ICF (cytosol), the water then moves in because water is lower inside.
- can result to cell swelling

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14
Q

What is a channel protein?

A
  • A type of transport proteins
  • form pores on membranes
  • they can be gated or non-gated(leakage channel)
  • selectively permits channel-mediated facilitated diffusion of water and specific ions
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15
Q

What is a carrier protein? Give an example

A
  • a type of transport protein
  • binds solute and carries it across the membrane
  • allows protein carrier-mediated facilitated transport or active transport
  • glucose transport
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16
Q

Difference between facilitated transport and active transport

A

Facilitated transport - goes along its concentration gradient (high to low) and requires no energy
Active transport - goes agains its concentration gradient (low to high) and requires energy

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18
Q

What are enzymes?

A

they control chemical reactions on outer and inner surface

eg. acetylcholinesterase (breaks down acetylcholine)
- Na+/K+ ATPase (pumps out NA+ and pumps in K+)

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19
Q

What are joining proteins?

A
  • they anchor cell membrane to the cytoskeleton of an adjacent cell
  • they form desmosomes, tight junctions and gap junctions in between cells
  • extracellular fibres (usually glycoproteins
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20
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Response of a cell immersed in a solution

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21
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The ability to maintain stable conditions in internal environments despite the changes in the external environments

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23
Q

What are membrane carbohydrates?

A
  • they are usually glycoproteins or glycolipids
  • it differs in every cell
  • they allow cell to recognize type -eg. sperm recognizes egg
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24
Q

What is a solute?

A

the substance being dissolved

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25
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A
  • deals with the movement of large items into the cell such as bacteria
  • also referred to as cell eating
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26
Q

What kind of layer does the cell membrane has?

A
  • a phospholipid bilayer that accepts small molecules (O2 & CO2) and lipid soluble molecules and does not accept water soluble molecules
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27
Q

What is a solvent

A

the substance where the solute is being dissolved

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29
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • diffusions of ions through the membrane via channel proteins
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30
Q

What is the role of Osmosis in solute regulation

A

Solute concentration in body fluids must be maintained within narrow limits or cells will die

31
Q

What is facilitated transport

A
  • diffusion of large, charged or water soluble molecules across the membrane via specific carrier protein(molecules must bind to the protein to be transported
    eg. glucose into liver or skel.muscle
32
Q

What is osmosis?

A
  • It’s a solvent movement
  • The movement of H2O across a semipermeable due to H2O difference
  • it goes through the pores(channels) or across the membrane bilayer
34
Q

What is dilute solution?

A

High water concentration = low solute concentration

35
Q

Solute depends on what?

A

number of ions or molecules NOT the type

36
Q

Define osmotic pressure

A

pressure that needs to be applied to prevent a solvent of pure H2O (2) concentration from moving across a semipermeable membrane to another solution (S2)

37
Q

What is a Secondary Active Transport?

A
  • ## Instead of using ATP, it uses the concentration gradients Primary Active Transport has established.
38
Q

What does Osmotic pressure measures?

A
  • It measures the solute of a solution
  • High solute = high OP
  • Low solute = Low OP
40
Q

If S2 (Solution 2) has higher salt concentration with a lower H2O, the osmotic pressure is?

A

Osmotic Pressure is higher

41
Q

In a hypotonic solution, a cell can burst due to swelling. What is the term for this?

A

Lysis

42
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

Burst of Red Blood Cells

43
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A
  • When the ECF has higher OP (meaning high solute & low H2O) than the ICF (cytosol).
  • Water then moves out of the cell because of the lower H2O found outside
  • this can cause shrinkage of the cell
44
Q

What is an Isotonic solution?

A

When the ICF and ECF have the same OP

45
Q

In RBC, all solutes equals within?

A
  • 0.9% of a saline solution which is normal saline
46
Q

What are the major body fluids?

A

Extracellular Fluids (ECF) & Intracellular Fluids (ICF)

47
Q

What is a primary active transport? Give an example

A

uses ATP directly to transport molecules

- eg. Na+/K+ ATPase Pumps = Pumps out 3 Na+ and pumps in 2K+

48
Q

An example of how a hypertonic solution can be used is:

A

Injecting 10% sucrose solution will move water to blood stream. This can be used to reduce brain edema (swelling)

49
Q

What happens when body looses H2O such as sweating?

A
  • blood goes up, OP blood goes up a well, which causes fluid from tissues to move into the blood.
  • as a response, thirst will occur, and decrease of H2O renal loss which causes urine production
50
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A
  • refers to cell drinking

- deals with fluids and dissolved substances

51
Q

What is a vesicular transport?

A
  • A type of active transport

- moves molecules via vesicles

52
Q

What is a bulk flow?

A

movement of fluid and solutes together due to pressure gradient (high pressure to low pressure)

53
Q

If Solution 1 and Solution 2 are both pure water, what is the state of osmotic pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure will not be required

54
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

Bind specific extracellular molecules called ligands

- eg. hormones and neurotransmitter

55
Q

Organ systems functions to maintain homeostasis. True or False?

A

True

56
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A
  • A type of vesicular transport
  • movement out of the cell
  • vesicles contain hormones, neurotransmitter, enzymes etc.
  • they fuse with cell membrane and release their contents to the ECF (this is triggered by the rise of cytosolic Ca2+)
57
Q

What is a hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure that the fluid exerts on the wall or surface

58
Q

Explain hydrostatic pressure in capillaries

A
  • when the blood pressure is higher than ISF (osmotic pressure) then fluid will be pushed out of the capillaries
59
Q

Give an example of a Secondary Active Transport

A
  • With glucose, it uses Secondary Active Transport. The concentration gradient established by Primary Active Transport is used (high Na+ outside and low Na+ inside). The Na+ binds to the carrier protein with the glucose to enter the cell. The Na+, in this case is moving down its concentration gradient (high to low) while the glucose is going AGAINST its concentration gradient (low to high)
60
Q

In which proteins, Active transport happens?

A

Carrier proteins

61
Q

What is endocytosis and its two types?

A
  • A type of vesicular transport
  • It moves molecules into the cell
  • Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis
65
Q

What is a concentrated solution?

A

Low water concentration = high solute concentration

69
Q

What do the body’s controls systems do?

A

Maintain homeostasis & permit departures from homeostasis in a CONTROLLED manner (eg. pregnancy, growth, sudden fright)

70
Q

Give some examples of ECF

A
  • blood plasma

- interstitial fluid (ISF)

91
Q

What is an example of Identifying proteins?

A
  • MHC = Major Histocompatibility Complex proteins
  • it is present in all cells EXCEPT red blood cells
  • it identifies cell as part of the body not foreign
92
Q

What kind of proteins are present in the membrane of a cell?

A
  • transport proteins
  • receptor proteins
  • enzymes
  • joining proteins
  • identifying proteins
93
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

diffusion of solutes through the bilayer membrane (O2, CO2 etc)

Physiology (11 decks)

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