Cell Physiology 2 Flashcards
metabolism is?
the chemical processes in the body performed by cells
What is the living building blocks of the body?
cell
Define anabolism?
synthesis or building of molecules
what is the breaking down of molecules called?
catabolism
proteins cannot be enzymes or structural. True or False
False
The two processes involved in protein synthesis is?
DNA translation and DNA transcription
In DNA transcription, what happens?
DNA produces RNA by uncoiling and exposing its bases. RNA is formed by using the DNA template strand and adding its complementary RNA nucleotides.
What happens in DNA translation?
- mRNA produces proteins
- mRNA binds with ribosomes.
- 3 bases called base triplet or codon is read
- each codon codes for an amino acids (amino acids can code for more than one codon)
- the tRNA brings aa and complementary anticodon to the mRNA codon.
- as a result amino acids are bonded by peptide bonds to make peptide chains
What happens with the proteins produced on free ribosomes after translation?
- they are released to cytosol, nucleus or mitochondria
What happens with the proteins produced by the RER after translation?
- released into ER lumen
- where they are modified by adding sugar such as glycoprotein
- then they are sent to the golgi complex in vesicles
What does the Golgi Complex do with proteins?
- it further modifies the protein by changing or adding carbs (these act as addresses to send the proteins to the right destination)
- they then package the modified proteins in vesicles and send them to the cell membrane, lysosome or secretion
What is the lysosome?
its a membrane bounded organelle with digestive enzyme
do lysosomes hold an acidic environment? Explain why.
Yes because they contain digestive enzymes
What do enzymes do?
- they increase the reaction rate
Enzymes name end with?
ase
Are enzymes used up in a reaction?
no
Enzymes are not specific. True or False
False
Give an example of a reaction with the addition of enzymes that can go in both directions.
Co2 + H2O H2CO3
(substrate) carbonic anhydrase
(enzyme)
ATP is composed of what?
- adenine + ribosome = adenine
- 3 phosphates = triphosphate
Where is the energy stored in an ATP?
- phosphate bond
Explain the catabolism of ATP?
- ATP is always being made because little ATP is stored
- ATP is broken down to ADP because the release of one phosphate from the molecule releases energy
- the energy is used for protein synthesis, active membrane transport, muscle contractions etc.
What does cellular respiration make?
ATP
______ is used to make ATP.
glucose
how does glucose enter the cell?
facilitated transport
glucose can be increased by _____ in some cells.
insulin
for one glucose used in cellular respiration, how many ATP is made?
32
in simplistic form, what happens in cellular respiration?
glycolysis (anaerobic = oxygen is not required) in cytosol –> glucose enters mitochondria (reaction becomes aerobic = need oxygen) –> Krebb’s cycle –> Electron Transport Chain
In cellular respiration, what do proteins do?
- amino acids can be converted to pyruvic acid or enter krebs cycle.
- depending on body’s need many form new glucose (kidney and liver) or ATP in most cells
In cellular respiration, what do fats do?
- they are the primary storage form of energy in the body (triglyceride)
- they can be broken down to become acetyl coA which later produces ATP
